NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cables for Power Systems Paul M. Grant Electric.

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Presentation transcript:

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cables for Power Systems Paul M. Grant Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California USA

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Agenda Prelude Conventional Underground Transmission/Distribution Cables Review of Type II Superconductivity HTSC Wire Issues LTSC ac and dc Cables of the Past HTSC ac and dc Cables for the Future Closure

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Electricity & Quality of Life Emerging Developing Developed FSUs log [ per capita GDP ] log [ per capita Electricity Generation ] Persian Gulf Electricity directly related to standard of living in most of the world Enormous increase in electricity usage seen for the 21st century

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Electricity & Energy Conservation

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Electricity: A Life Necessity

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant The Electricity Paradigm Generation/Storage –Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro, Chemical –“Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass) Transmission/Distribution –Overhead & Underground –ac & dc End Use –Industrial (Motors, Thermal) –Residential (Lighting, Appliances)

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Conventional Underground Transmission/Distribution Cables

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Overhead Lines Fast and cheap Piggyback on telegraph rights-of- way High capacity

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Urban Transmission ca City streets jammed with poles, overhead lines Visual pollution, danger No more rights-of- way

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant The Answer: Underground Cables

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Typical Utility Underground Feeds

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Undergrounding

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Line/Cable Performance Limits

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cable Conductors Wire is what is wound into a conductor A cable is made by packaging a conductor A line is what is hung from poles

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cable-in Conduit Cable installed in steel pipe (~ 8-12” dia) Very common in USA, ~50% in Japan Easy to retrofit

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Typical Cable Construction

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Elements of an HV cable Center conductor One circuit per cable Three cables in a conduit

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Manhole Structure

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant High Pressure Oil Cooling

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Urban Utilities: ca. 1920

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Type II Superconductors

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant SC Phase Diagram

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Abrikosov Vortex Lattice

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Extrinsic Pinning 10  m  m DECORATED VORTEX ARRAYS with random heavy ion tracks clean M. Leghissa, et al. Phys. Rev.B48, 1341 (1993)

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Fission-Induced Splay Defects L. Krusin-Elbaum, et al., Nature, TBP Proton-induced fission of Bi and Hg World record H irr at 77 K in Hg-1212 Potential for special purpose high-field magnets

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Vortex Matter

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant HTSC Wire Issues

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Progress in SC Wire Materials Temperature, T C (K) Year Low-T C High-T C 164 K

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Wire-to-Cable

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Malozemoff’s Law

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Wire C/P Specs

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant J C (B,T), B||ab

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant J C (B,T), B||c

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant “J E (77 K)”

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant LTSC ac and dc Cables of the Past

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Brookhaven

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Los Alamos

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant HTSC ac and dc Cables for the Future

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant EPRI/Pirelli ac/SC/UG Cable

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cryo System

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cable Termination

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Tape Specs

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cable Specs

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant PMC ac Losses

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant PMC ac Losses

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant PMC ac Losses PMC #1: 4 Layers PMC #2: 2 Layers/ Insulation/ 2 Layers

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Summary of Losses

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cable Test Site #1 South Carolina Electric & Gas (SCEG) Upscale Urban Neighborhood Underground link: 115 kV, 1.3 Miles Only 5% Use Study Complete: 4/97

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Cable Test Site #2 Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) Downtown Philly Concrete Ducts: 13 kV, 2 Miles 100 % Use Study Complete: 5/97

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Superconductivity for Global Electrification A Vision for the Future

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Pipes or Wires?

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant Power Flow Scenarios

NATO ASI Applications of Superconductivity Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cables for Power Systems P. M. Grant The Electricity Pipe! Total Cryopower System Power Capacity: 5 GW dc Cost: < Gas Pipe & HVDC, > 500 Miles