Civil Rights Movement 1950s and Beyond

The Fourteenth Amendment nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Ratified 1868

Plessy v Ferguson 1896 The object of the 14 th Amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either."

Up From Slavery 1902 Booker T. Washington

Niagara Movement Formation of NAACP W.E.B. DuBois

Dangers of Being Black in America 1910s-1920s Lynchings Rosewood Massacre

Executive Order 8802 All departments and agencies of the Government of the United States concerned with vocational and training programs for defense production shall take special measures appropriate to assure that such programs are administered without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin;

C.O.R.E James Farmer George Houser 1942

Integration of Baseball Jackie Robinson 1947

Integration of Armed Forces Executive Order 9981 Harry Truman

Brown v Board of Education 1954 Linda Brown

Southern Manifesto The unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court in the public school cases is now bearing the fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law. We regard the decisions of the Supreme Court in the school cases as a clear abuse of judicial power. Al Gore, Sr. Estes Kefauver Lyndon Johnson These men refused to sign

Emmett Till Case

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Creation of SCLC Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.

Central High School

Greensboro Sit-Ins

Formation of Student Non- Violent Coordinating Committee

The Freedom Rides

Birmingham Campaign

Letter from a Birmingham Jail We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. Frankly, I have yet to engage in a direct action campaign that was "well timed" in the view of those who have not suffered unduly from the disease of segregation. For years now I have heard the word "Wait!" It rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This "Wait" has almost always meant "Never." We must come to see, with one of our distinguished jurists, that "justice too long delayed is justice denied."

Medgar Evers Byron de la Beckwith

Kennedy proposed Civil Rights Act which led to March on Washington

24 th Amendment outlaws poll taxes Civil Rights Act of 1964 Forbids discrimination in places of public accomodation

Mississippi Freedom Summer

Malcolm X

March from Selma to Montgomery

Voting Rights Act of 1965 Outlaws Literacy Tests for voting requirement

Riots in Watts and Detroit 1965 and 1967

Assassination

Attempts at Desegregation: Busing Violence in Boston, 1974

Cleveland’s History on Equality in Education: Rev. Bruce Klunder, Mrs. Z’s data/research on Cleveland School Desegregation

Bakke v Regents of the University of California 1978

Los Angeles Riots 1992 Rodney King

Gratz v Bollinger