1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 15 Image Slides

LEARNING OUTCOMES 15.1 The Respiratory System Summarize the major functions of the respiratory system. Trace the path of air from the human nose to the lungs. Describe the layers of cells a molecule of oxygen must pass through when diffusing from a lung alveolus into a red blood cell, and from the red blood cell into the tissues Mechanism of Breathing Identify the different respiratory volumes that can be measured with a spirometer. Contrast the mechanisms of inspiration and expiration. Indicate how ventilation is controlled by nervous and chemical mechanisms.

LEARNING OUTCOMES 15.3 Gas Exchanges in the Body Distinguish between external and internal respiration. Interpret the chemical reaction discussed in this section to explain the effect of hyperventilation or hypoventilation on blood pH. Review how the differences in Po 2 and Pco 2 in arterial and venous blood determine how gases are exchanged in the lungs versus the tissues Disorders of the Respiratory System Summarize several disorders that affect the upper respiratory tract and several that occur in the lower respiratory tract. Classify disorders of the respiratory system according to whether they are caused by allergies, infections, a genetic defect, or exposure to toxins.

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5 Fig. 15.1

LEARNING OUTCOMES 15.1 The Respiratory System Summarize the major functions of the respiratory system. Trace the path of air from the human nose to the lungs. Describe the layers of cells a molecule of oxygen must pass through when diffusing from a lung alveolus into a red blood cell, and from the red blood cell into the tissues Mechanism of Breathing Identify the different respiratory volumes that can be measured with a spirometer. Contrast the mechanisms of inspiration and expiration. Indicate how ventilation is controlled by nervous and chemical mechanisms.

7 Table 15.1

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11 Fig. 15.5

LEARNING OUTCOMES 15.1 The Respiratory System Summarize the major functions of the respiratory system. Trace the path of air from the human nose to the lungs. Describe the layers of cells a molecule of oxygen must pass through when diffusing from a lung alveolus into a red blood cell, and from the red blood cell into the tissues.

13 Fig. 15.6

14 Fig. 15.7

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LEARNING OUTCOMES 15.2 Mechanism of Breathing Identify the different respiratory volumes that can be measured with a spirometer. Contrast the mechanisms of inspiration and expiration. Indicate how ventilation is controlled by nervous and chemical mechanisms.

17 Fig. 15.9

LEARNING OUTCOMES 15.3 Gas Exchanges in the Body Know how the differences in Po 2 and Pco 2 in arterial and venous blood determine how gases are exchanged in the lungs versus the tissues.

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LEARNING OUTCOMES 15.3 Gas Exchanges in the Body Interpret the chemical reaction discussed in this section to explain the effect of hyperventilation or hypoventilation on blood pH.

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LEARNING OUTCOMES 15.4 Disorders of the Respiratory System Summarize several disorders that affect the upper respiratory tract and several that occur in the lower respiratory tract. Classify disorders of the respiratory system according to whether they are caused by allergies, infections, a genetic defect, or exposure to toxins.

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