What makes a great leader?

Pre-Dynastic Period 5500BC BC Small villages are scattered throughout Egypt with no clear rulers - each village has a separate leader. Clear differences in culture appear between Upper and Lower Egypt. Fighting erupts between Upper and Lower Egypt. Royal families are established in Upper and Lower Egypt.

Early Dynastic Period 2920 BC BC King Narmer supposedly unifies Upper and Lower Egypt. There is little archaeological evidence as to whether Upper Egypt defeated Lower Egypt or vice versa. Pharaohs: 1st Dynasty: Aha (Menes/Narmer), Atoti, Djer, Wadji, Dewen, Adjib, Semerkhet, Qaa 2nd Dynasty: Hetepsekhemui, Nebre, Ninetjer, Wenegnebti, Sekhemib, Neferkare, Neferkasokar, Hudjefa

Crown of Upper Egypt Crown of Lower Egypt

Old Kingdom 2650 BC BC Beginning of Egypt’s great empire and expanded military campaigns. Age of the pyramid builders. Increased mining and trade. Notable Pharaohs of the time include Djoser, Sneferu, Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure

Djoser 2 nd Pharaoh of 3 rd Dynasty based in Memphis. Military campaigns in Sinai against the Asiatics and Bedouin. Development of mining for Turquoise and Copper Creation of a new burial tradition. Major developments in medicine, writing and working with stone. First use of harder building materials in construction of funerary monuments.

Insert images of the step pyramid and the statue of Djoser.

Reigned for 24 years in the 4 th Dynasty. Compassionate ruler. Largest pyramid builder in Ancient Egypt. Developed the first ‘true’ style pyramid. Expanded turquoise mining in Sinai and imported cedar wood from Lebannon. Military expeditions to Lybia brought back cattle and workers to assist in building pyramids. Sneferu

Insert images of the bent pyramid and the pyramid of Meidum

Khufu/Khafre/ Menkaure Development of the largest building in the ancient world. Khufu was known to be a cruel and ruthless leader. Menkaure was known to be just and well liked by the people. Military expeditions continued in Sinai and Lybia and expanded into Nubia. Diorite mined in Nubia and granite in Aswan. Increase in foreign trade with Asiatic countries. Improvement of art and craft work.

Insert photos of the 3 Giza pyramids, solar boat, sphinx, small statue of Khufu, statue of Menkaure and seated statue of Khafre

First Intermediate Period Confusion over who would succeed Pepy II. Pepy II elected 2 Viziers to monitor Upper Egypt. Asiatics started to invade northern Egypt. Low-flood waters. Viziers grew greater in power and wealth BC BC

Middle Kingdom Return of the power and might of Egypt as Upper and Lower Egypt are reunified by Mentuhotep. Increase in trade especially across the Mediterranean. Development in irrigation techniques. Major military campaigns into Kush and Punt. Change in location and style of burials BC BC Most notable Pharaohs of this time include the Mentuhoteps, Senusrets and Amenemhets

Senusret III Reigned for 39 years in the capital Itj-Tawy. Most powerful ruler of the era. Worshipped as a god in later years. Developed the fortress of Buhen in Nubia. Many military campaigns against the Nubians in years 6,8,10,16 and 19 of his reign.

Amenemhet III Last Pharaoh of the 12 th Dynasty. His temple complex is the first great Labyrinth. Expansion of the temple of Ptah. Major development in irrigation techniques provided more fertile soil for farmers.

Insert images of Middle Kingdom tombs of Beni Hassan, statues of Senusret and Amenemhet showing the strange facial features.

Second Intermediate Period 1759 BC BC One of the most turbulent times in Ancient Egypt. End of Middle Kingdom there was no royal heir and subsequent rulers were not strong enough. Hyksos invaders entered Egypt in 1720BC and took control of the town of Avaris and then all of Lower Egypt. The Princes of Thebes became the saviours of Egypt and united the people to fight against the Hyksos.

New Kingdom 1539 BC BC Egypt at this time is now known as the Golden Empire. Egypt was at its most prosperous and the empire was the biggest it had ever been. Most major constructions were completed during this time and most still stand today. Many major battles were fought and significant advances made in international relations. Notable Pharaohs during this time include: Ahmose I, Thuthmosis I,II & III, Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, Ramses II and Ramses III

Hatshepsut (Her Majesty the King) One of the most successful Pharaohs of all time and was FEMALE!!!! Ruled and dressed as if she was a male Pharaoh. Largest expeditions to the land of Punt. Re-established trade routes lost to the Hyksos. One of the most prolific builders in Egypt, her buildings and additions are some of the most beautiful; these include large additions to Karnak Temple including two obelisks and her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri. 1473BC BC 18 th Dynasty

Images here should focus on Hatshepsut appearing as a man – include images of statue of Hatshepsut, the face of Hatshepsut showing her with the beard but looking feminine, Deir el Bahri (her temple) and images seen there, her obelisk in Karnak, images of her erased at Karnak and an image of the Valley of the Kings.

Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten (The Great Heretic Pharaoh) 1352 BC BC Reigned for 17 years Introduced Monotheism to Egypt. Radical change in art style. Moved capital of Egypt away from Thebes. Married to Nefertiti. Possibly murdered/possibly disappeared? Started to erase names of old gods and punish people for worshipping old gods. Father of Tutankhaten – Tutankhamun.

Include images of Akhenaten statues and artwork from his time.

Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun (The Boy King) 1336 BC BC Only reigned for 9 years starting when he was 9 years old. His reign was controlled by two advisers Ay and Horemheb who both succeeded him as Pharaoh. Changed his and his wife’s name and the capital of Egypt in year 2 of his reign. Supposedly had a clubbed foot. Said to have died from Malaria - not murdered. Greatest achievement is the discovery of his tomb.

Include images of how his tomb was discovered and the many gold items found inside the tomb

Ramses II (Ramses the Great) 1279 BC BC 19 th Dynasty Was approximately 96 years old but did not have 200+ wives. Only depicted as a god like figure - strong, young, powerful. Great time of power and stability. A great builder (and re-builder) of monuments; these include The Rameseum, 2 temples at Abu Simbel, extensive additions to Karnak, Luxor and Abydos temples and a new capital city. Many military campaigns which were often mistakenly claimed as victories for Egypt - a great user of propaganda. Developed the first ever peace treaty.

Many images to choose from, but show his biggest structures – Abu Simbel, his additions to Karnak and Luxor temples, the scenes from the Battle of Kadesh – the large statue of him at Memphis.