© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Today’s Agenda Attendance Chapter 11 notes Homework: Bring one article to class about the location of a factory, industry, corporate headquarters, etc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Targets : Describe the location of the principal industrial regions : Identify the two types of situation factors and explain why some industries locate near inputs : Explain why some industries locate near markets.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Is Industry Distributed? Modern concept of industry means the manufacturing of goods in a factory. –Origin: northern England and southern Scotland in second half of 18 th century. Industrial Revolution refers to improvements made in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.Industrial Revolution

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The construction of railroads in the United Kingdom and on the European continent reflects the diffusion of the Industrial Revolution. Europe’s political problems impeded the diffusion of the railroad. Cooperation among small neighboring states was essential to build an efficient rail network and to raise money for constructing and operating the system. Because such cooperation could not be attained, railroads in some parts of Europe were delayed 50 years after their debut in Britain.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Is Industry Distributed? Industrial Regions –Industry is concentrated in three regions Europe North America East Asia –Each regions accounts for roughly ¼ of the world’s total industrial output. Brazil and India account for most of industrial output outside of these three regions.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Europe’s Industrial Areas Europe was the first region to industrialize during the nineteenth century. Numerous industrial centers emerged in Europe as countries competed with each other for supremacy.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. North America’s Industrial Areas Industry arrived a bit later in than in Europe, but it grew much faster in the 19 th century. North America’s manufacturing was traditionally highly concentrated in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. In recent years, manufacturing has relocated to the South, lured by lower wages and legislation that has made it difficult for unions to organize factory workers.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. East Asia’s Industrial Areas East Asia became an important industrial region in the second half of the twentieth century, beginning with Japan. Into the twenty- first century, China has emerged as the world’s leading manufacturing country by most measures.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important? Geographers attempt to explain why one location may prove more profitable for a factory than others. –Companies ordinarily face two geographic costs. 1.Situation factors – costs associated with the established transportation networks accessible from a specific place. 2.Site factors – costs resulting from the unique characteristics of a location.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important? Situation Factors: Proximity to Inputs ‒ The farther something is transported, the higher the costs, so a manufacturer tries to locate its factory as close as possible to its inputs and markets. Proximity to Input: optimal plant location is near the input. ‒ Raw material transportation costs > transportation costs of product to consumer »Bulk-reducing Industry: If inputs weigh more than the final products, plant location is near the source of inputs. Example: Copper industry – the weight of inputs is much heavier before impurities are removed. Proximity to Market: best plant location is near the market. ‒ Raw material transportation costs < transportation costs of product to consumer

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important? Situation Factors: Proximity to Markets –Critical locational factor for three types of industries. 1.Bulk-Gaining Industries - Production of a product that gains volume or weight during its production. Plants typically located near market to reduce the costs of transportation. –Examples »Fabrication of parts and machinery from steel and other metals: refrigerators, air conditioners, etc. »Plants where beverages are bottled.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Beer is a bulk-gaining industry. The cans or bottles are filled mostly with water. Most beer is bottled near major metropolitan areas, where most of the consumers are clustered. The areas in color on the map have relatively high population density.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important? Situation Factors: Proximity to Markets –Critical location factor for three types of industries. 2.Single-Market Manufacturers i.Specialized manufacturers with only one or two customers. ii.Optimal location for factories is often in close proximity to the customers. iii.Examples »Producers of specialized components attached to clothing e.g. buttons, zippers, or pins. »Makers of parts for motor vehicles.

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Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important? Situation Factors: Proximity to Markets –Critical locational factor for three types of industries cont’d. 3.Perishable Products –Companies specializing in perishable products must be located in close enough proximity to their markets that the product does not spoil or become dated during transportation. –Examples »Food Products e.g. bakers and milk bottlers »Time Sensitive Products e.g. printed newspapers

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