Social Costs P Q S (mc) d msc Congestion Charges

London’s Congestion Zone charging/ charging/ Hours of Operation –7am to 6pm –Monday through Friday Daily Charge –£11.50 in advance ($18.80); £12 by midnight ($19.15)

SuccessSuccess?

London’s Congestion Zone No Physical Tickets No Physical Barriers Signage is the only notification

Started in 2003, expanded in 2007, reduced in 2011

An extension of the “Ring of Steel CC cameras take image of license plate Image is interpreted, them compared to a “payee” database If you aren’t in database, you are fined. Fines 100 per penalty to registered owner 50 for “early pay” 150 for late payment

London Congestion Zone Exemptions to the fee –Residents –Disabled –Alternative Fuel Vehicles –Most Motorcycles –9+ Seat Vehicles –Roadside Recovery Vehicles –Electric Vehicles

Winners and Losers Downtown bus riders All transit riders Taxi riders & drivers Motorists with high value trips Most city-center businesses Overall city productivity Pedestrians and cyclists Motorists with marginal- value trips City-center businesses dependent on low-cost access Border-area residents City-center parking revenue recipients