Teacher Training Programme for the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan

English in the world 2: Context, use and variation

Overview census 2.Varieties in the UK 3.Varieties in London

2011 census What the census is for The census provides information on housing and population that government needs to develop policies, and to plan and run public services such as health and education. The data are also widely used by academics, businesses, voluntary organisations and the public. At the moment, the census is the only method of providing this information. Office for National Statistics

2011 census quiz 1.In the first decade of the new millennium, the number of white British people in London fell. By how many? 2.What percentage of London residents are white British? 3.What percentage of Londoners were born in a foreign country? 4.What percentage of these arrived in the last ten years? 5.What are the top three countries foreign-born people in England and Wales come from?

2011 census quiz 6. What percentage of people hold a non-UK passport? 7. In what percentage of households does everyone speak English? 8. In what percentage does no one speak English as a main language? 9. How many people in London don’t have English as a first language? 10. How many languages are spoken in London?

2011 census BBC Why have the white British left London?BBC Why have the white British left London? The Guardian Census data key pointsThe Guardian Census data key points London Evening Standard

More statistics from the 2011 census

What characterises a language variety? Tom McArthur identifies two broad types of variety: 1. use-related varieties, associated with function, such as legal English (the language of courts, contracts, etc.) and literary English (the typical usage of literary texts, conversations, etc.). 2.user-related varieties, associated with particular people and often places,... Specific set of linguistic items: sounds, words, grammatical features Geographical area, social group The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992)

Examples of British English varieties Traditional social varieties: Standard – nonstandard English Traditional regional varieties Scottish English, Welsh English, Irish English ‘Brummie’, ‘Geordie’, ‘Scouse’ Regional varieties have sub-varieties, standard and non- standard forms Examples of Yorkshire sub-varities

The Humber-Lune line

What is Standard English? Example: MP Jacob Rees-Moog Easily understood by all Not a regional accent Particular variety found in the south of England Pays attention to speech, pronunciation and grammar Linguistic rules are not legislated Based on consensus amongst speakers about what is ‘proper’ Open for change Dominant variety in public live and education Seen as better than average Linked to superior education

What is non-standard English? 1.denoting or characterized by idiom, vocabulary, etc, that is not regarded as correct and acceptable by educated native speakers of a language; not standard. 2.deviating from a given standard. Collins English Dictionary 2009

How do Standard and non-Standard English differ? "It is no simple matter to define the difference between a standard and a nonstandard variety of language (...) Parker & Riley (1994), Linguistics for Non-Linguists. "Nonstandard dialects of English differ from Standard English most importantly at the level of grammar. Examples of widespread nonstandard grammatical forms in English include multiple negation.“ Trudgill (1992) Introducing Language and Society. 'I don't want nobody but you‘ - ‘ I have never owed nothing to no one’ - ‘I don’t have nothing’ - 'she don't care' – ‘them people’

Standards are negotiated “Ideas surrounding ‘Standard English’ depend on the social and economic relationships between sections of the population in a particular time and place – and on the ideologies that are linked to these social conditions”. Kerswill (2006). RP, Standard English and the standard/ non- standard relationship. "It is important to understand that identifying a dialect as standard or nonstandard is a sociological judgment, not a linguistic one.“ Parker & Riley (1994), Linguistics for Non-Linguists.

Example: Cockney Linguistically: accent and form of English Socially/geographically: Working class – East End Accent and form Double negative: I didn’t see nothing Th = f (v) - three, theatre, bath, nothing, mother Drop of h beginning - head, home Drop of g ending or pronounced as k - talking, going, singing TT glottal stop - butter, isn’t it?, Brighton A = i – rain, mainly

The sound of Cockney How to do Cockney - Alanna: This clip from the opening scene of the 1998 film Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, features the British actor Jason Statham speaking with a decidedly Cockney accent

Estuary English Crystal definition Estuary English resources BBC article from 1999

Diffusion and levelling of accents in UK British English accents and dialects have undergone dialect levelling: “a process whereby differences between regional varieties are reduced, features which make varieties distinctive disappear, and new features emerge which are adopted by speakers over a wide geographical area” Williams & Kerswill (1999). Language is moulded by the societies in which it is spoken

Jamaican English dscreen&v=meJEjXhVnrk&NR=1http:// dscreen&v=meJEjXhVnrk&NR=1

A new variety Linguistic innovations in London Multicultural London English Who's an Eastender now? Research project carried out by Kerswill & Cheshire Research Report

Features of MLE Innovations include: Pronoun youse (2 nd person plural): and then youse can start talking Indefinite pronoun man Cf. French ‘on’, German ‘man’): it’s her personality man’s looking at Conjoined verbs without and: like we just sit smoke Absence of preposition to: I’m going country-side Plural –dem: one boydem then went Why for question frame: I said “why you searching my jacket for? Enough and nuff as intensifier !

References Bauer, L. (2002). An introduction to international varieties of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Crystal, D. (2003). The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language, 2 nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press. Davies, D. (2005) Varieties of modern English. Harlow: Pearson. Holliday, A. (2001). Achieving Cultural Continuity in Curriculum Innovation. In Hall, D., & Hewings, A. (Eds.), Innovation in English Language Teaching: A reader (pp 169 – 177). London and New York: Routledge. Jenkins, J. (2009). World Englishes. London and New York: Routledge. Kachru, B. Kachry, Y. & Nelson, C. The hanbook of world Englishes. Chichester: Blackwell. Kirkpatrick, A. (2007). World Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kerswill, Paul (2006). RP, Standard English and the standard/non-standard relationship. In David Britain (ed.) Language in the British Isles (2nd edn.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mathews, P. (1997) Oxford concise dictionary of linguistics. Oxford: OUP. McArthur, T. (1992) The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP. Parker, F. & Riley, K. (1994) Linguistics for non-linguists. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Pennycook, Alastair (1994) The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language. Harlow,UK: Longman. Phillipson, Robert (1992) Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Swales, J. (1997). English as Tyrannosaurus rex. World Englishes, 16(3), Trudgill, P. (1992) Introducing language and society. London: Penguin. Williams, A. & Kerswill, P. (1999). Dialect levelling: change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull. In Paul Foulkes & Gerard Docherty (eds.) Urban voices. Accent studies in the British Isles (pp. 141– 162.). London: Arnold.