CH 27 Cold War and Post War Changes 27.1 Development of the Cold War

Confrontation of Super Powers The US and Soviet Union emerged as two Super Powers after WWII Strong Military and lots of political influence This rivalry led to new alliances US and allies formed NATO 1949 Soviet Union and allies formed the Warsaw Pact 1955

Europe – post WWII US and GB thought liberated nations should determine their own forms of gov’t Stalin was afraid that nations would be anti-Soviet Soviet military remained present in Eastern Europe to prevent this

Greece Civil war broke out Communists vs Anti-Communists Britain was supporting anti Communists, but couldn’t afford to for long President Harry Truman (US) fearful that the Communists would win, stepped in The Truman Doctrine $400M to help Greece and Turkey “The US will support free peoples facing outside pressure” Any nation facing a Communist threat could be aided by the US

The Marshall Plan Communism works in nations that have economic problems Since much of Europe was destroyed in the war, many of these nations could become Communist US Sec. of State George C Marshall $13 Billion in aid to these nations to help them rebuild Buying support? Containment – US would do what ever it takes to keep Communism from spreading to other nations Soviet Union tried to do something similar, but failed

Germany Divided Three Allied forces met to unify their areas of Germany into a single govt The Soviets opposed this and blockaded Berlin in the East Nothing was allowed in from the West Berlin Airlift 1949 Food and supplies would be flown in for nearly a year Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic

Cold War Spreads Mao Zedong and the Communists won control of China This made the US more nervous about the continued spread of Communism around the world The Arms Race Both the US and Soviet Union continued to build up their nuclear arsenal This might prevent war? Nuclear Deterrence

Berlin Wall Nikita Khrushchev becomes new leader of Soviet Union in 1955 To prevent people from leaving East Berlin to West Berlin, he builds the Berlin Wall 1961 Guarded with barbed wire,

Peter Fechter

Cuban Missile Crisis 1959 – Fidel Castro overthrows Batista in Cuba Removes all American businesses Establishes Communist govt 90 miles off the coast of US President Kennedy fears that an attack on Cuba would lead to an attack on Berlin by the Soviets Kennedy decided to launch an invasion to remove Castro Bay of Pigs April 16,1961 Horrible failure

Cuban Missile Crisis After failed attempt, Soviet Union sent nuclear weapons to Cuba October 1962 US has similar weapons in Turkey The US responds by ordering a blockade of Cuba to stop more missiles from entering Cuba Possibly the closest the world had ever come to being destroyed with nuclear weapons Special phone line installed directly from Washington DC to Moscow

Duck and Cover

Vietnam and the Domino Theory North Vietnam became a Communist nation 1964 President Lyndon John committed troops to South Vietnam to prevent the further spread of Communism in the area If South Vietnam fell, so would the other nations in the area US had far superior weapons, but could not defeat the Viet Kong and communists in the area Conflict continues until 1973

27.2 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe The Soviet Union was devastated after WWII Stalin tried to go back to his previous ideas of exporting goods In only 5 years after the war, Soviets were producing more than they had before the war Made advancements in science and technology Sputnik October 4, 1957 Tsar Bomba

Khrushchev Era Stalin dies in 1953 Nikita Khrushchev assumes control of the Soviet Union Works to fix many of the issues created by Stalin’s regime de-Stalinization Produced more consumer goods After the Cuban Missile Crisis he was voted out of office (while on vacation)

Eastern Europe After WWII, many nations remained under Soviet control Soviet satellites Revolts against Communism Hungary – 1956, Imre Nagy. Withdrew from Warsaw Pact Quickly suppressed by Soviet military Invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968 Alexander Dubcek Also suppressed with force It became clear that the Soviets would use force to maintain control

CH 27.3 Western Europe and North America The Marshall Plan had a profound impact on Western Europe France Charles de Gaulle Established new gov’t in France The Fifth Republic Became first president of France France became a economic power Invested in nuclear arms as well Problems lingered Student protests, labor strikes, high cost of living, gov’t spending

The Economic Miracle Konrad Adenauer Chancellor of unified West Germany Worked with US and France to rebuild economy of Germany Unemployment dropped Production increased so much that “guest workers” had to be brought in from surrounding nations

Great Britain WWII caused massive economic problems in Great Britain Churchill lost reelection to the Labour Party and Clement Attlee Established a welfare state Govt takes responsibility for the care of its citizens 1946 – National Insurance Act and National Health Service Act Socialized medicine Very costly British Empire was dismantled

US after the War America experienced an economic boom US did not experience the destruction of the war Labor unions grew in size More money in households The Red Scare Fear of communists operating in the US Sen. McCarthy

Civil Rights 1954 – Brown v Board of Education Topeka, Kansas Separate is not equal 1963 Martin Luther King Jr led the March on Washington Similar to Gandhi 1964 – Civil Rights Act Late 1960s and early 1970s – Vietnam protests Kent State 1970

Women in Post War Society Women were essential to the war effort Pushed out of jobs when war ended Women paid less for same work as men Women’s Liberation Movement Feminists who fought for equal treatment in the workforce Students also rebelled Students were not satisfied with how they were treated in colleges and universities Not being prepared for the modern world