China -The Shang Huang He or Yellow River 1766 to 1122 BCE Oracle bones Written Chinese pictographs evolved into ideographs Bronze metallurgy aids in rise of military state

China – The Zhou 1122 to 256 BCE Mandate of Heaven – Power divinely given but could be taken away if justice and order not maintained – Floods, earthquakes, and peasant rebellions threatened dynasty Veneration of ancestors and family unit Class distinctions: ruling elite, aristocrats, free artisans, peasants, slaves Iron metallurgy

Era of Warring States Zhou lost control of western half of empire as early as 771 BCE and last two centuries known as Era of Warring States 441 to 221 BCE no strong central government - constant fighting and disorder Three philosophies emerge attempting to end the fighting and restore order: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism

Qin Dynasty 221 BCE to 206 BCE First emperor Qin Shihuangdi centralizes imperial rule using Legalism Sponsored building defensive walls (precursor to Great Wall) Standardized weights, measures, script, currency, laws Burns Confucian books and buries alive Confucian scholars When emperor died revolts broke out

Han Dynasty 206 BCE to 220 CE Used centralized imperial rule but lessened Legalist hard edge Wu Di ( BCE) built roads and canals, est. university with Confucian curriculum Civil service exams Expand into North Vietnam, Korea, and Central Asia

China in Foundations Economy – Cycle: agriculture flourishes with increase in long- distance trade, iron metallurgy increases agriculture- increasing trade and military strength – Military strength allowed overland trade to increase because peace and order maintained – Silk Roads flourish under the Han Dynasty, connecting them to Central Asia, India, and Roman Empire – Tributary system of trade with “inferior neighbors” and gifts to nomads

Social Structure and Gender Roles – Patriarchal society with set social structure – Women were to find match to strengthen family alliances; widows could remarry – Upper class women tutored – Scholar-gentry, peasants, merchants Culture, Arts, Science, Technology – Family and ancestors most important unit – Filial piety – Daoist reverence for nature important in Han – Wheelbarrow, horse collars, watermills – Sternpost rudder and compass – PAPER

Greece Like India, primarily decentralized based on local identity Organized by polis (city-state); some monarchy, many had collaborative rule Sparta v. Athens CC

Migration – Population pressures created era of colonization – Colonies used own resources and followed own path – Facilitated trade throughout region – Spread Greek culture – Created political conflict with Persia Persian War ( BCE) Delian League Peloponnesian War ( BCE)

Macedonia King Philip II had Greek peninsula under his control by 338 BCE Alexander the Great – Conquered Persia by 330 BCE – Died in 323 BCE – Empire divided among three of his generals Antigonid (Greece and Macedonia) Ptolemaic (Egypt) Seleucid (Persia)

Greek Economy Relied heavily on trade During Hellenistic Era, caravan trade and sea lanes in Mediterranean flourished

Greek – Social Patriarchal with strict social divisions – Women mostly owned no land and wore veils in public – Could be a priestess and upper-class women fairly literate (Spartans competed in athletics) Slaves acquired because they accrued debt, were POWs, or traded Greek religion was polytheistic and personified nature

Greek – Achievements Philosophy – Socrates encouraged reflection: “Unexamined life is not worth living” – Plato’s Republic: ideal state had philosopher king – Aristotle Literature: Homer conveyed the value of the hero in Greek society Plays

Architecture: temples and columns Science: strides in anatomy (Galen), astronomy, and math (Archimedes)