Planetary Geology 101 The Solar System. Formation of the Solar System The stages of solar system formation start with a protostar embedded in.

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Presentation transcript:

Planetary Geology 101 The Solar System

Formation of the Solar System The stages of solar system formation start with a protostar embedded in a gas cloud, then to an early star with a circumstellar disk, to a star surrounded by small "planetesimals" that are starting to clump together to a solar system like ours today.

Formation of the Solar System Credit: Shu et al protostar circumstellar disk planetesimals home

Structure (from the inside out) Central star Inner “terrestrial” planets Asteroid belt Outer “gas giant” planets Outer “ice giant” planets (Dwarf planets) Trans-Neptunian objects (Kuiper belt, scattered disk, Oort Cloud) Miscellaneous

The Sun “Yellow dwarf”, 1.4 million km in diameter Fuses 620 million tonnes/sec of H 8.3 light-minutes away

The Sun

Mercury Innermost planet, 4,880 km in diameter Very dense, with its own magnetic field Enigmatically large iron core Recent evidence for volcanism

Mercury

Venus Regarded as Earth’s “Evil Twin” Surface T: 460°C, P: 92 Bar Subject to runaway greenhouse effect Extensive resurfacing due to volcanism

Venus

Mars Diameter: ~6800 km (= Earth’s core) Same surface area of all Earth’s continents Deserts, ice caps, canyons, giant volcanoes Upper hemisphere may be giant impact basin

Mars

Asteroid Belt Small bodies: asteroids/minor planets >50% mass: Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, Hygiea Protoplanets that orbited too fast to acrete Mainly loosely-bound piles of rubble

Asteroid Belt

Jupiter Largest body after the Sun (D: ~143,000 km) Primarily H, He, with putative rocky core High-energy storms in its atmosphere At least 63 moons

Jupiter

Saturn Second-largest planet, diameter ~121,000 km Prominent set of rings 53 officially-named moons Hosts largest moon in the system, Titan

Saturn

Uranus Larger of the two “ice giants”, D ~51,000 km Gas atmosphere + contains H 2 0, NH 3, CH 4 Axis of rotation inclined almost 90

Neptune Second “ice giant”, D ~49,000 km Same composition as Uranus (H 2 0, NH 3, CH 4 ) Tenuous ring system, 13 known moons

Dwarf Planets Currently 5: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris Most occur beyond Neptune (except Ceres) Best known is Pluto (former planet)

Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) Composed of 3 regions: Kuiper Belt, scattered disk, and Oort Cloud

Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) Composed of 3 regions: Kuiper Belt, scattered disk, and Oort Cloud

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