E NLIGHTENMENT / J OHN L OCKE

C ATHERINE THE G REAT 1. Annexed Part of Poland 2. Increased the size of the Russian Empire 3. Hardened her position on serfdom after the Pugachev Rebellion 4. The most important factor impending her program of reform was the power of the Russian nobility 5. One of her greatest accomplishments was the spread of Western European culture in Russia.

F REDERICK THE GREAT (II) 1. His reign was noted for; a) territorial expansion, b) judicial and bureaucratic reform, c) religious toleration 2. He is considered an enlightened monarch because he wrote poetry and improved the legal and bureaucratic systems 3. He used the war of the Austrian Succession to expand Prussia into a great power.

T HE PHILOSOPHES 1. Were satirists who wished to reform society and humanity 2. Were most concerned with spreading Enlightenment beliefs 3. Montesquieu’s contribution to political theory was the concept of the separation of powers 4. Rousseau’s educational philosophy reflected his belief that people are corrupted by society 5. According to Rousseau, political sovereignty resided in the people

T HE ENLIGHTENMENT 1. Consequences included: a) the decline of absolutism in France, b) the idea that politics and society operated according to natural law, c) attempts to improve royal bureaucracies. 2. “Enlightenment” monarchs believed in: a) reform, b) cultural values of the Enlightenment, c) secularism 3. The social setting was characterized by witty and intelligent conversation 4. The gathering ground for many who wished to discuss the ideas of the French Enlightenment was the salon 5. The aggressiveness of Prussia, Austria, and Russia led to the disappearance of Poland

J OHN L OCKE Born to Puritan family in 1632 Studied at Oxford and opened his eyes to religious freedom. Descartes influenced his belief that people have the ability to reason. Locke came to believe people develop reason and therefore rationally settle differences by compromise.

J OHN L OCKE In 1682 English government saw his ideas as challenging the kings authority, so he fled to Holland. Returned to England in 1682 after the Glorious Revolution which he defended in writing arguing people have a gift of reason and ability to govern themselves through reason.

J OHN LOCKE Rejected “divine right” Supported limited monarchy with approval of people Government formed to protect right to life, freedom, and property Believed in separation of power into three and people have right to rebel and form new government if it abuses the right of the people Inspired U.S. Constitution

J OHN LOCKE Believed control of any person against will was unacceptable “natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth.” Locke felt women had the ability to reason which entitles them to equal voice at least at home.