The Nation Divides Ch 10 Sections 1, 3, 4, and 5

Case Against Slavery  Northern View: End slavery Still quite prejudiced Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin  Impact on northerners: more abolitionists  Impact on southerners: said not all masters are mean, compared to factory system slaves are treated better than Industrial workers

Differences Between North and South

Improvements Help  Railroads Helped with trade Wiped out the use of canals  Telegraph improved communication  Both of these found primarily in the North

Remember…  Missouri Compromise Helped in the short-run by keeping a balance in Congress In the long-run caused problems once the US gained new territory out west  1848 election Slavery issue ignored Free Soil Party created Taylor won

 California wanted to be added as a free state  Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850 More strict Fugitive Slave Act No more slave trade in Washington, DC Congress admitted CA as a free state TX gave up claims to NM for $10 million People in NM and UT had popular sovereignty

Debate in Congress  Calhoun: south does not have to give up its liberties in order to save the Union  Webster: save the Union  Taylor died, Fillmore became president  Douglas helped get compromise passed by doing it in separate votes  Compromise of 1850 passed  “Great Compromise” saves the Union

 Election of 1852 Pierce won Decline of Whig party  Know-Nothings Nativist party

Douglas is Back!  Stephen Douglas Wanted Chicago to benefit from the development of the West  Wanted it to be a center of trade (RR) Wanted to run for president  Needed southern Democratic support Presented a plan for the development of the Kansas and Nebraska Territories

Kansas-Nebraska Act  January 1854 presented to Congress  Split Kansas and Nebraska and give them each popular sovereignty In effect: would repeal the Missouri Compromise and use popular sovereignty instead Would please the south because there may be 2 more slave states in areas that under the MO Compromise slavery would be prohibited Would please the north because they would assume the territories would not choose to have slavery  Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Rise of the Republican Party  Summer of 1854 many meetings held to protest the Kansas-Nebraska Act In one meeting in Michigan the Republican Party was launched  Republican Party Slavery was a great moral evil and vowed to fight against it’s expansion into the new territories of the west Demanded the repeal of the KA-NE Act and the Fugitive Slave Act Supported by anti-slavery Democrats, Whigs, and Free Soilers in the North  Farmers, professionals, small business owners, and craftworkers

Kansas  Vote on slavery People from MO crossed the border and voted to support slavery Vote results: slavery in Kansas Free soilers knew vote was incorrect and formed a 2 nd government that did not allow slavery

Violence Erupts  Sack of Lawrence: pro-slavery people looted Lawrence, Kansas a center of free- soiler activity  John Brown led other anti-slavery people to Pottawatomie Creek and attacked pro- slavery settlement there killing 5 men  “Bleeding Kansas” had begun

“Bleeding Kansas”  Mini-civil war in Kansas over slavery  Attacks and counter-attacks from both sides occurred  Many killed and injured  Violence spread to the US capital

Attack on Sumner  Charles Sumner gave speech “The Crime Against Kansas” attacking southerners for forcing slavery on Kansas Included insults to Sen. Andrew Butler of SC  Preston Brooks (member of the House and Butler’s nephew) wanted to uphold his uncle’s honor 2 days after speech, Brooks went to Sumner’s office and attacked him with his own cane

Results  Brooks gave up House seat but was immediately re-elected Southerners supported his action  Sumner badly injured, never returned to full health Empty seat in Senate served as a reminder of the hatred brewing between north and south

Election of 1856  Democratic candidate: James Buchanan  Republican candidate: John C. Frémont  American (Know-Nothings) Party: Millard Fillmore  Results: Buchanan won

Dred Scott Decision  Supreme Court handed down decision in March 1857 in the case Dred Scott v. Sandford Slaves are not citizens and do not have the right to sue in court Missouri Compromise was overruled and slavery can exist anywhere in the USA Slave can not win their freedom by living in a free territory

Lecompton Constitution  Fall 1857 a proslavery constitution for Kansas was written as part of the process for admission to statehood in the Union  Many people refused to vote on the referendum in Kansas Buchanan supported it and upset many northern Democrats in the US  Congress sent the constitution back to Kansas for another vote People of Kansas voted it down  Kansas allowed slavery under Dred Scott decision but antislavery people there prohibited it

Senator Race in Illinois in 1858  Sen. Stephen Douglas running for re- election (Democrat) Ran supporting popular sovereignty  Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln to run against him  Lincoln-Douglas Debates happened in 1858 for Senator seat in Illinois Series of 7 debates

Freeport Doctrine  Lincoln pushed Douglas into a corner: How can popular sovereignty work if the Dred Scott decision allows slavery anywhere in the USA?  Douglas’s response: the Freeport Doctrine Slavery can not work without laws governing it Loophole in the Dred Scott decision Douglas lost a TON of support from southern Democrats

Results of Senator Election in IL  Douglas won re-election  Lincoln did not go away  Neither did the Republican Party or the issue of slavery and it’s expansion westward

John Brown’s Raid  October 16, 1859  Brown led an attack on a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry in VA  Wanted to cause a HUGE slave revolt in the South  Col. Robert E. Lee was sent in with troops Half of the men with Brown were killed before the rest surrendered Brown was hanged for treason  Served as a martyr in the north for the cause

Election of 1860  Democratic Party: Split Northern Democrats: supported popular sovereignty Southern Democrats: supported the expansion of slavery  Republican Party: No expansion of slavery  Candidates Southern Democrat: John C. Breckinridge Northern Democrat: Stephen Douglas (IL) Constitutional Union Party: John Bell (TN) Republican Party: Abraham Lincoln (IL)

The Popular Vote, The Electoral College Results  In the South it was between Breckinridge and Bell – Lincoln wasn’t even on the ballot in many state’s  In the North it was between Douglas and Lincoln  Lincoln got 39% of popular vote Won without a single southern state’s electoral vote because got 180 Electoral College votes

Southern State’s Reaction  Outraged that president could be elected without their support National government was totally out of their hands (their view)  6 weeks after the election South Carolina seceded from the Union (12/20/1860) 6 states followed: TX, FL, LA, AL, GA, MS (Lower South)

The Confederate States of America  February of 1861 the states that seceded formed the Confederate States of America  President chosen was Jefferson Davis  Capital for the time was Montgomery, AL  Attempts from the north at negotiating a compromise failed

Fort Sumter  In Charleston, SC harbor  Under federal control  Supply ship forced to turn away in Jan  Major Robert Anderson requested supplies and troops from Lincoln  Lincoln had to decide what to do because men there under Major Robert Anderson would run out of supplies  April 6: Lincoln told the government of SC he was only sending supplies (food)

War Starts  April 10, President Davis ordered P.G.T. Beauregard to take the fort (before the supplies got there from the Union)  April 12, 1861: Beauregard ordered Confederate forces to attack the fort BEGINNING OF THE CIVIL WAR Anderson surrendered after 34 hours No deaths 1 st battle of the Civil War

Response to Fort Sumter  Lincoln called for volunteers to join the Union army  South saw this request as an act of war against them Upper south seceded: NC, VA, AK, TN  Confederate capital moved to Richmond, VA

Border States  States between the North and South  ALL had slavery  Had to decide which to side with  MD, DE, MO, KY  ALL eventually sided with the NORTH