Monitoring the Implementation of New Domestic Violence Laws By Mirjana Dokmanovic, Serbia Regional Conference on Domestic Violence Legal Reform Sofia, February 14, 2008

Does the government care? The governments have made an evident progress in drafting and adopting DV laws BUT: How are these laws implemented? What is their impact? Are they effective in protecting victims, providing access to justice, providing special care for children, preventing DV? How to review / strengthen / enforce / amend them? Gaps? Achievements? What data the governments have ? (needed to have clear picture about the nature, prevalence, forms of DV for identifying the most effective responses and resources to combating DV, review/amend laws, etc.)

International directions related to monitoring The actual effectiveness of the measures must be continuously reviewed so that modifications can take place if necessary (CEDAW, DVAW) A review of existing national laws and comprehensive research is necessary (rec.1582 (2002)) Monitor the efficacy of the measures taken to protect the victim and the behaviour of the violent man (Recommendations of the Expert Forums) Promote research, collect data and compile statistics, relating to the prevalence of different forms of VAW (CEDAW) Improve statistics on DV, and with this in mind to develop a clear picture of its nature and prevalence (rec.1582 (2002) rec.(2002)5.)

Does the government care? Reg. report on implementation of int. standards related to DV in W. Balkans: State monitoring does not exist at all Data collecting mostly done partially and sporadically, without a clear and uniform approach State statistics limited; it is more indicator of the work of courts, prosecutors’ offices and other criminal institutions, rather than it is the indicator of the real level of criminality / DV Dark number of DV unknown, estimated to be very high (1:3 to 1:10) Statistics oriented towards perpetrators Scarce data about victims (age, employed/unemployed, disability, nationality, refugee and other status) and their relations with perpetrators No clear indicators for victims identification and unified methodology on collecting data Monitoring / research / collecting data – predominantly by women’s groups But – used methodologies differ, women’s NGOs not always properly trained, no systematic research : data not comparable

Does the government care? Gaps: 1. Effects of laws on victims belonging to vulnerable groups (Roma, with disabilities, rural, refugees etc.) 2. Usage of firearms and dangerous weapons in incidents of DV: - almost no data, no statistics, no research until recently - no unified record at health care and social care institutions - no data of incidents of DV committed by policemen, prosecutors, and other officials who are entitled to carry and possess firearms by their professions - impact of the presence of guns in households on reporting DV 3. DV in post-conflict situations / guns as risk factor

Does the government care? Gaps: 4. Budgetary implications of DV - How much DV costs: - the victim - the family - the society / the State (health care, social care, shelters, services, police, judicial system, rehabilitation, lost working hours, etc.) - The Netherlands – total costs estimated at 151 million € / year (psychological support 62 million €, judicial system 31 million €, medical leave 13 million €) – calculation based only on reported cases - At level of the CoE – total costs at least 33 billion €

Proposals for improving the statistics / data collecting 1. Legal reform should be accompanied with the reform of the state statistics and data collecting 2. Reform of monitoring and reporting mechanisms 3. Identification of the criminality with high level of dark number needs implementation of additionally techniques (e.g. polls on victimisation, ethnographic multimethods) 4. Developing unified methodologies for collecting data (including identifying institutions (research NGOs) as reporting units), developing instruments and clear definitions 5. Regular polls on victimisations 6. More frequent and periodical reporting (not only annually) 7. Unified and linked systems of reporting of all the relevant actors (medical workers, social workers, police, shelters, SOS lines, etc.)

Proposals for improving the statistics / data collecting 8. Strong collaboration / partnership with the civil sector (research NGOs, institutions, etc.) 9. State support of the systematic research 10. The state should identify / mandate monitoring state bodies/institutions 11. Development of unified methodology that would enable international cooperation 12. Regular reporting of monitoring bodies to the government: on the extent, nature and consequences of DV, and on the impact and effectiveness of laws, policies and programmes for combating DV 13. Reform of the structure / the coordination of all the institutions involved in combating DV, particularly in the areas of prevention and protection; link their system of collecting data 14. Regular information of the public