Chapter Outline Chapter 11: The Americas to 1492 Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present I. Origins of Americans and Their Culture II. Emerging Civilizations in Mesoamerica III. Classical Mayan Civilization IV. The Post-Classical Era in Mesoamerica V. The Amerindians of North America

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 11: The Americas to 1492 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. I. Origins of Americans and Their Culture Origins from 20,000 years ago Clovis points, c. 11,200 B.C.E. Chile by 10,500 B.C.E. Caral, Peru first city, c B.C.E. Maize Tehuacán valley of Mexico c B.C.E. Mississippi Valley to Argentine pampas, by 1000 B.C.E.

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 11: The Americas to 1492 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. II. Emerging Civilizations in Mesoamerica A. Formative Period (1500–150 C.E.) Olmec civilization c B.C.E., Vera Cruz pyramids B. The Classical Period (150–900 C.E.) Achievements: written communication complex time reckoning interregional trade Teotihuacán 125–200,000 Monte Alban

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 11: The Americas to 1492 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. III. Classical Mayan Civilization A. Origins B. Centers Kaminaljuyu Tikal, by 550 C.E. C. Achievements calendar writing system pictographs, glyphs

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 11: The Americas to 1492 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. IV. The Post-Classical Era in Mesoamerica A. The Toltecs Capital: Tollan Quetzalcoatl - Teotihuacan god Tezcatlipoca - Toltec war-god Yucatán Chichén Itzá Mayapán B. The Aztecs into central Mexico by 1200 Tenochtitlán (Mexico City) Lake Texcoco, c tributary of Atzcapotzalco Alliance with Tecoco, Tlacopán against Atzcapotzalco Itzcoatl (1427–1440) Montezuma I (1440–1468) Montezuma II (1502–1520) Spanish invasion

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 11: The Americas to 1492 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. IV. The Post-Classical Era in Mesoamerica (B. The Aztecs) Social organization Calpulli (clans) Pipiltin (nobles) Pochteca (merchants) Religion Huitzilopochtli (sun/war god) Tlateloco (god of rain) Pyramids to both Agriculture dams, canals chinampas (floating gardens)

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 11: The Americas to 1492 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. IV. The Post-Classical Era in Mesoamerica C. The Inca 200 ethnolinguistic groups c. 600, cities emerge Kingdoms at Huari, Tiahuanaco collapse, tenth century Kingdom of Chimu c. 1200, Cuzco valley settled Viracocha (d. 1438) conquest Pachacuti ( ) Quechua, official language Topa Upanqui ( ) conquest of Chimu Infrastructure canal system roads Command economy Society nobles nobles of conquered peoples common workers slaves Emperor ministers – Imperial Council Religion vast clergy Sun-god

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 11: The Americas to 1492 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. V. The Amerindians of North America A. The Iroquois of the Northeast Woodlands settled agriculture B. The Adena and Hopewell Cultures, Ohio Valley from 800 B.C.E. Sunflowers, squash, maize Mounds C. The Mississippian Culture Cahokia, Illinois wattle-and-daub houses 900–1150 Decline, c. 1400

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 11: The Americas to 1492 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. V. The Amerindians of North America A. The Iroquois of the Northeast Woodlands settled agriculture B. The Adena and Hopewell Cultures, Ohio Valley from 800 B.C.E. Sunflowers, squash, maize Mounds

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 11: The Americas to 1492 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. V. The Amerindians of North America C. The Mississippian Culture Cahokia, Illinois wattle-and-daub houses 900–1150 Decline, c. 1400

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 11: The Americas to 1492 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. V. The Amerindians of North America D. The Southwest: Mogollon, Hohokam, and Anasazi Commonalities maize, beans, squash adobe, masonry pottery Mogollon, 300 B.C.E.–1340 C.E. Hohokam canals Anasazi, 300–1300 Cotton cloth

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins Chapter 11: The Americas to 1492 ©2006, Pearson Education, Inc. V. The Amerindians of North America E. The Navajo, the Apache, the Mandan Navajo Apache Mandan F. The Far North: Inuit and Aleut Aleuts kayaks Inuits (Eskimos)