CHAPTER ELEVEN The Americas on the Eve of Invasion World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman *AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. Postclassic Mesoamerica, C.E. II. Aztec Society in Transition III. Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas IV. The Other Peoples of the Americas I. Postclassic Mesoamerica, C.E. II. Aztec Society in Transition III. Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas IV. The Other Peoples of the Americas

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Teotihuacan – central Mexico – collapse 700s Teotihuacan – central Mexico – collapse 700s Toltec Empire - central Mexico - c. 968 Toltec Empire - central Mexico - c. 968 –Capital - Tula –Rule extended to Yucatan - Maya lands –Commercial trade w/ American Southwest & possibly Mississippi & Ohio valleys Toltec collapse - c Caused by northern nomads? Toltec collapse - c Caused by northern nomads? Aztecs Rise to Power – early 14 th C Aztecs Rise to Power – early 14 th C Capital moves to Mexico valley Capital moves to Mexico valley Lakes used for fishing, farming, transportation Lakes used for fishing, farming, transportation –Begin as mercenaries – founded Tenochtitlan –Dominate the central valley by 1434 Central Mexico and Lake Texcoco Postclassical Mesoamerica, C.E.

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Based on hierarchical structure Based on hierarchical structure Service of gods pre-eminent Service of gods pre-eminent Sacrifice increased over time Sacrifice increased over time –Source of political power Moctezuma II - head of state and religion Moctezuma II - head of state and religion Religion and the Ideology of Conquest Religion and the Ideology of Conquest –Spiritual and natural world seamless –Hundreds of deities (3 groups) 1. Fertility, agriculture, water 1. Fertility, agriculture, water 2. Creator gods 2. Creator gods 3. Warfare, sacrifice 3. Warfare, sacrifice Huitzilopochtli – Aztec tribal god – identified w/ sun god Huitzilopochtli – Aztec tribal god – identified w/ sun god Sacrifice - motivated by religion or terror? Sacrifice - motivated by religion or terror? Aztecs believed in a cyclical view of history Aztecs believed in a cyclical view of history What was the most significant ramification of the Aztec belief in cyclical history? Aztec Society

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Agriculture - Chinampas - man-made floating islands – resulted in high yields; farming organized by clans Agriculture - Chinampas - man-made floating islands – resulted in high yields; farming organized by clans Markets – Regulated by state Markets – Regulated by state Society became increasingly hierarchical - membership in clans changed to social classes based on residence, talent & wealth Society became increasingly hierarchical - membership in clans changed to social classes based on residence, talent & wealth Calpulli - Aztec citystates divided into diff. calpullis - inhabitants collectively responsible for different tasks - Calpulli - Aztec citystates divided into diff. calpullis - inhabitants collectively responsible for different tasks - –Distribute land & labor –Maintain temples & schools –Basis of military organization Noble class develops from some calpulli Noble class develops from some calpulli Military virtues give them status Military virtues give them status Serf-like workers on their lands Serf-like workers on their lands Merchant Calpulli - pochteca – controlled daily market at Tlatelolco Merchant Calpulli - pochteca – controlled daily market at Tlatelolco The Economy of the Aztec Empire

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Technological Constraints - no agricultural tools Technological Constraints - no agricultural tools Women - various roles Women - various roles –Could own property –No public roles –Elite polygamy; most ppl monogamous A Tribute Empire Speaker - One rules each city-state A Tribute Empire Speaker - One rules each city-state Great Speaker - Ruled Tenochtitlan Great Speaker - Ruled Tenochtitlan Prime Minister powerful Prime Minister powerful Subjugated states could remain autonomous Subjugated states could remain autonomous –Owe tribute - labor

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Olmec Head Chichen-itza

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Ruins of Teotihuacan, Mexcio City, Mexico

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Inca Rise to Power - Cuzco area The Inca Rise to Power - Cuzco area –Quechua-speaking clans (ayllus) –by 1527 – the Twantinsuyu empire extends from Colombia to Chile & Bolivia to Argentina "Split inheritance“ - Power to successor BUT wealth & land to EACH male descendant "Split inheritance“ - Power to successor BUT wealth & land to EACH male descendant  Result is continual conquest – Each male heir must produce new wealth  Result is continual conquest – Each male heir must produce new wealth Inca - Ruled from Cuzco Inca - Ruled from Cuzco –4 provinces ruled by governors Central Bureaucracy includes local rulers – curacas Central Bureaucracy includes local rulers – curacas Inca Expansion Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Inca Military Organization Every male Inca had to take part in war at least once Every male Inca had to take part in war at least once The armor used by the Incas included: The armor used by the Incas included: –Helmets made of wood, cane or animal skin –Round shields made of palm and cotton –Cotton cloaks & metal plates above the breast/shoulders –Armor for protection from darts and arrows The Inca weaponry included: The Inca weaponry included: –Bronze or bone-tipped spears or lances –Knobbed Clubs –Two-handed wooden swords with serrated edges (notched with teeth, like a saw) –Clubs with stone and spiked metal heads –Wooden slings and stones –Stone or copper headed battle-axes –Bolas or Ayllos - stones tied to ends of rope to be swung at enemies (also used in hunting)

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Sun god supreme - represented by ruler (Inca) Sun god supreme - represented by ruler (Inca) Temple of the Sun - Cuzco Temple of the Sun - Cuzco Local gods survive - Huacas Local gods survive - Huacas System of roads, way stations (tambos), storehouses System of roads, way stations (tambos), storehouses Economy based on conquest, expansion & trade Economy based on conquest, expansion & trade Building of urban centers; irrigation projects Building of urban centers; irrigation projects WOMEN - Gender cooperation WOMEN - Gender cooperation –Ideology of complementarity of sexes –Also seen in cosmology Inca's senior wife links state to moon Inca's senior wife links state to moon Inca Cultural Achievements Inca Cultural Achievements Metallurgy Metallurgy Knotted strings (quipu) used for Knotted strings (quipu) used for accounting accounting Monumental architecture Monumental architecture Inca Religion

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Comparing Incas & Aztecs Comparing Incas & Aztecs Similarities: Similarities: –Built on earlier empires –Excellent organizers – gov’t –Intensive agriculture under state control –Economy based on trade –Kinship transformed to hierarchy –Ethnic groups conquered allowed to keep their gov’t/religion, etc. - Paid tribute to empire Differences: Differences: –Aztecs better developed trade markets –Aztecs – sacrifice World Population, c. 1500

Chapter 11: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Other Peoples of the Americas Other Peoples of the Americas Great variety Great variety Not all - Neolithic pattern Not all - Neolithic pattern Use irrigation for agriculture Use irrigation for agriculture Formed no states Formed no states 200 languages - N.A. 200 languages - N.A. Technologically behind Europeans Technologically behind Europeans World Population, c. 1500