BY DR ABIODUN MARK AKANMODE.

ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS. This is an example of a micronodular cirrhosis. The regenerative nodules are quite small, averaging less than 3 mm in size. The most common cause for this is chronic alcoholism,the process of cirrhosis develops over many years. Micronodular cirrhosis may also be seen with Wilson's disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, and hemochromatosis.

MICRONODULAR CIRRHOSIS. Microscopically liver with cirrhosis, the regenerative nodules of hepatocytes are surrounded by fibrous connective tissue that bridges between portal tracts. Within this collagenous tissue are scattered lymphocytes as well as a proliferation of bile ducts.

Tobacco. Tobacco is the most common exogenous cause of human cancer,being responsible for 90% of lung ca. The main culprit here is cigarette smoking, smokeless tobacco is also associated with oral cancer. Smoking is the most preventable cause of human death. Tobacco contains about substances,60 of which are known carcinogens.

Smoking Related Diseases. Lungs: -emphysema -Chronic bronchitis. -Lung cancer(the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines are potent carcinogens found in cigarette associated lung cancers) Smoking is also associated with arterogenesis, cancers of the mouth, lip, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas etc. Maternal smoking is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortions and preterm births.

RADIATION FIBROSIS OF THE LUNGS.

PULMONARY FIBROSIS. This is a gross photograph of cut sections of lung,there are several areas of fibrosis (arrows) within the lung parenchyma.

Mesothelioma Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that develops from cells of the mesothelium, the protective lining that covers many of the internal organs of the body. Mesothelioma is most commonly caused by exposure to asbestos. The most common anatomical site for mesothelioma is the pleura, but it can also arise in the peritoneum, the pericardium, or the tunica vaginalis (a sac that surrounds the testis).

WHAT IS THE PATHOLOGY HERE?

MESOTHELIOMA. This is a gross photograph of the lungs removed at autopsy. There is thickening of the pleural surface due to the tumor (arrows). The apical portion of the left lobe of the lung was ripped while trying to sever the adhesions between the lung and the chest wall.

BURN. A burn is a type of injury to flesh or skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. Burns that affect only the superficial skin are known as superficial or first-degree burns. When damage penetrates into some of the underlying layers, it is a partial-thickness or second-degree burn. In a full-thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the skin. A fourth-degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as muscle or bone.

Factors Determining Burns Severity. Depth of the burns. Percentage of the body surface involved. Internal injuries caused by inhalation of hot and toxic fumes. Promptness and efficacy of therapy, especially fluid and electrolytes management. Sepsis, shock and respiratory insufficiency are the greatest threats to life in burn patients.

1 ST DEGREE BURN.

2 ND DEGREE BURN.

3 RD DEGREE BURN.

Effect of lead.

Nutritional Disease.

Malnutrition. Malnutrition aka PEM is a consequence of inadequate intake/deficient absorption of proteins and calories resulting in the loss of fat and muscle tissue. The following factors contribute to dietary insufficiency. -poverty. -infection. -acute and chronic illness. -chronic alcoholism. -self imposed dietary restriction etc.

Kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor occurs when protein deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in total calories. In kwashiorkor the marked protein deprivation eventually leading to hypoalbuminemia and a generalized or dependent edema. Other features of kwashiorkor include the following -skin lesions. -hair color changes. -fatty liver from the decreased synthesis of carrier proteins. Kwashiorkor is mostly seen in poor African and southeast Asia children.

Marasmus. A child is considered to have marasmus when the weight falls below 60% of normal for sex, height and age. Marasmus is characterized by the following: -growth retardation and loss of muscle mass. -subcutaneous fat is mobilized. -extremities emaciate and the head appears too large. -serum albumin levels are near normal. -immune deficiency results in concurrent infections.

Scurvy was common among sailors.

Muchas Gracias Al Final.