Purposes of Health Professional  Educate Benefits of physical activity Do’s and don’ts of exercise  screen and evaluate  testing  design programs  lead exercise classes  analyze client performance  motivate

Components of Physical Fitness  cardiorespiratory endurance  musculoskeletal fitness  body composition  flexibility  neuromuscular relaxation

Purposes of Physical Fitness Testing  Develop physical fitness profiles Identify strengths and weakness Set realist and attainable goals Make accurate and precise exercise RX Evaluate progress

Testing Order and Testing environment  resting blood pressure and heart rate  body composition  cardiorespiratory endurance muscular fitness  flexibility  Room (70-74 degrees; controlled relative humidity; privacy

Test Validity, Reliability, and Objectivity  Validity  Reference or Criterion direct measures  indirect measures  prediction errors  validity coefficient.80 or greater  reliability coefficient.90 or greater  objectivity coefficient

Evaluation Prediction equation  What criterion measure used to base prediction equation?  How large a sample?  What is the R and SEE  What population is equation based on?  How are the variables measured?  Was the equation cross-validated?  Do the R’s and SEE’s of original and cross validation study seem Comparable?

Pretest Instructions  Wear comfortable clothing  Drink plenty of fluids prior to testing 24hr period  Refrain from eating, smoking, and drinking or caffeine for 3 hrs  Do not engage in strenuous physical activity the day of the test  Get adequate sleep the night before

Test Administration and Interpretation  Administration Practice, Practice, Practice  Interpretation Compare clients fitness to established norms Use lay language to explain results Be positive when relaying results Don’t be intimidating

Basic Principle for Exercise Program Design  Specificity of training  Overload Principle  Principle of Progression  Principle of initial Values  Principle of Interindividual Variability  Principle of Diminishing Returns  Principle of Reversibility

Basic Elements of Exercise Prescription  Mode  Intensity  Duration  Intensity  Frequency  Progression initial improvement maintenance

Cardiorespiratory Fitness  VO 2max (L/min,ml/min, or ml/kg/min) the capacity of the heart, lungs and blood to transport oxygen to the working muscles, and the utilization of oxygen by the muscles during exercise

Stages of Progression in the Exercise Program  Initial stage 4-6 weeks Start slow get duration up first  Improvement stage 4 to 5 months Progression until meet fitness goal  Maintenance stage

Exericse Program Adherence  3 of every 5 in U.S. not getting recommended amount of physical activity  25% no physical activity  Of those starting exercise programs 50% will drop out within one year  We must help develop a positive attitude toward physical activity  Help client make a commitment

Factors Related to Exercise Program Adherence  Biological Factors  Psychological Factors  Social Factors  Behavioral Factors  Program Factors

Critical factors characterizing exercise program dropouts  Overweight  Low self-motivation  Anxiety about exercise  Lack of spousal support  The feeling that the exercise facility is inconvenient  Perception that exercise intensity too high  Lack of social support during and after exercise

Theories of Behavior Change  Behavior Modification Theory  Social Cognitive Theory  Stages of Readiness Theory

Maximal Vs. Submaximal Test  Max tests are: expensive uncomfortable need high tester motivation  submaximal predict or estimate max from data use heart rate less expensive more error

Assumptions of Submaximal Exercise Test  We assume steady state heart rate at each intensity  Assume linear response of heart rate, oxygen uptake and work intensity  Mechanical efficiency  Assume age predicted HRmax is clients actual heart rate