Silicon, Circuits, and the Digital Revolution George Watson Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Delaware June 1, 1999 ALLSTEL.

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Presentation transcript:

Silicon, Circuits, and the Digital Revolution George Watson Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Delaware June 1, 1999 ALLSTEL

Silicon, Circuits, and the Digital Revolution The Way it Was: Technology on Campus 25 years ago Slide Show

Silicon, Circuits, and the Digital Revolution Everything is made of something! Atoms are comprised of nuclei and electrons. Mass is nuclear. Size is electronic.

Electron Energy Levels in Hydrogen

The Visible Spectrum Photon “color”WavelengthEnergy (nm)(eV) blue yellow red6501.9

Electron Energy Levels

Electronic Band Structure in Solids

Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors

Column 4: Silicon among the elements

Band Gaps of Column 4 Elements ElementBand Gap (eV) Carbon (diamond)5.5 Silicon1.1 Germanium0.7

The Visible Spectrum Photon “color”WavelengthEnergy (nm)(eV) blue yellow red6501.9

Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors

Concept Check: Band Gaps You are admiring the color of a gemstone by looking through it to see a nearby lamp. Your physicist friend states that the band gap of that particular stone is about 2.4 eV. Does the stone appear to be: a. red b. blue c. black

Band Gaps of Several Elements ElementBand Gap (eV) Carbon (diamond)5.5 Silicon1.1 Germanium0.7 Selenium1.8

Silicon, Circuits, and the Digital Revolution Principle of photoconductivity applied to photocopying: xerography (dry writing) Slide Show

Essentials of Xerography

Pure silicon - 4 valence electrons From sand?

Column 5: one more valence electron

Silicon doped with arsenic n-type silicon

Column 3: one fewer valence electron

Silicon doped with gallium p-type silicon

Effect of doping on band structure

Transistors are structured from n-type and p-type silicon.

Concept Check: doped silicon You physicist friend hands you a wafer of germanium and tells you it is doped with phosphorus. Is the semiconductor wafer: a. n-type b. p-type

Silicon, Circuits, and the Digital Revolution Building Transistors on Integrated Circuits: lithography (stone writing) Slide Show

MOSFET inverter

CMOS inverter

CMOS fabrication

CMOS NAND gate 4 transistors

Adder circuit 38 transistors!

Moore’s Law for Intel Microprocessors

Penetration rates of major consumer products in U.S. households