Unit 4-3 The Struggle for Power Kings vs. Popes

I.Catholic Reforms A.Between 500 & 1000 the Catholic Church became corrupt B.Reforms were instituted btwn 1000 & 1300 to purify the Church 1.Priests denied the right to marry 2.Ended simony – the buying and selling of Church offices 3.Ended lay investiture-Kings appointing Church officials

a.Henry IV of Germany refused to obey the changes b.Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry c.Bishops appointed by Henry chose to obey the Pope d.Henry traveled to Rome to beg for forgiveness

II.The Structure of the Church A.The Church resembled a kingdom 1.Popes served as kings 2.Bishops and Cardinals as Nobles 3.Priests, Friars, and monks as peasants

B.The Church ran a system of courts based on canon law C.The Church also collected taxes in the form of tithes D.The Inquisition served as the Church’s military 1.Stopped the spread of heresy through violence

E.Gothic cathedrals became the castles of the church

III.Monarchs Strengthened their Power A.English Monarchs 1.William the Conqueror a.William defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 b.The French Duke of Normandy was now King of England c.William redistributed all of the English land to his vassals d.Appointed Norman Bishops e.England became the most centralized European kingdom

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2.Henry II a.Introduced the use of jury trials b.Over the centuries a code of laws was built case by case, this became known as English Common Law

B.French Monarchs 1.Hugh Capet est. the Capetian Dynasty in Capetian kings ruled peacefully for 200 years 3.Allowed Paris to dominate trade and unite France

C.Phillip IV of France 1.Attempted to tax the Church a.Pope Boniface VIII declared Pope’s power supreme b.Phillip kidnapped Boniface; he dies from the ordeal c.Persuades cardinals to elect Clement V Pope d.Clement moves the Church from Rome to Avignon i.Results in two Popes – The Great Schism ii.Conflict resolved in 1417 – Martin V chosen as the one true Pope

D.German Monarchs 1.Otto I used his power to dominate the Church a.Defended the Pope and was rewarded by being crowned Holy Roman Emperor b.Italians feared being ruled by Germans

2.Frederick Barbarossa a.Invaded Italy several times b.The Pope united with the Lombards to defeat Fred. c.Germany became divided amongst many princes

IV.The Revival of Learning A.As trade spread literacy grew 1.Universities were built in Paris and Bologna 2.Lost works of the Greeks were rediscovered 3.Poems written to stress Chivalry a.Results in the idea of Romantic Love