4- The proprioreceptor Reflexes :-

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4- The proprioreceptor Reflexes :- توجد في المفاصل وتؤدي الى : Passive تتحرك بدون استخدام عضلات – واحد يحركها لك - movements of joints can increase respiratory rate. 5- Increase body temperature → ↑ Resp. rate.

A- Irritant Receptors :- 6- Protective Reflexes مستقبلات اثارتها تؤدي لرده فعل وقائيئيه مثل العطاس [Rapidly adapting receptors]:- انواعها A- Irritant Receptors :- Found in the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, or bronchi. Stimulated by chemical or mechanical stimuli. Also stimulated by histamine, serotonin, or prostaglandins released locally by allergy, or inflammation. Reflexes involve, sneezing, coughing, laryngeal spasms, and apnea.

B- Juxtapulmonary Capillary Receptors (J−receptors) :- Stimulated by lung injury e.g Pul.edema, and pul. embolism. ↓ When stimulated → Rapid shallow breathing, bronchoconstriction, ↑ airway secretion. Brain edema, Anaesthetics التخدير, or Narcotics منومات → Resp. depression.

الشرح االشريحه القادمه

تابع الصفحه القادمه الشرح 1- hyperventilation : عندما تحدث : تؤدي الى تقليل الـ مما يؤدي لزياده الـ مما يسبب 2- hypoventilation : عندما تحدث: تؤدي الى زياده الـ مما يؤدي لتقليل الـ مما يسبب pco2 ALCALASOIS قاعديه PH Acidosis حامضيه pco2 PH تابع الصفحه القادمه الشرح

تابع الشرح Acidosis هناك ميكانيكيتان بالجسم تتحكم بال وال الميكانيكيتان هما : 1- metapolic تفاعلات الجسم الكميائيه 2- respiratory التنفس الذي شرح الشريحه السابقه العلاقه بينهما وكيفيه الحفاظ على ابقاء الجسم متعادل : # اذا حدث ذلك يسبب حدوث تحفيز لمركز التنفس مما يؤدي لحدوث فيعدل الحامضيه # اذا حدث ذلك يسبب حدوث تثبيط لمركز التنفس مما يؤدي لحدوث فيعدل القاعديه ALCALASOIS Metapolic Acidosis hyperventilation Metapolic Alcalasois hypoventilation

Hypoxia Means inadequate supply of O₂ to the tissues, or inability عدم قدره of the cells to utilize O₂. Causes :- مهمه 1- Reduced oxygenation of blood in the lungs, [Hypoxic Hypoxia] due to extrinsic خارجيه causes :- A- Deficiency of O₂ in the atmosphere. B- Hypoventilation [Neuromuscular disorders].

2- Pulmonary diseases due to :- A- Hypoventilation due to ↑ airway resistance or ↓ pulmonary compliance. B- Uneven ˙V⁄Q العلاقه بين جريان الدم وتدفق الهواء ratio. C- Impairment of the respiratory membrane.

3- Reduced O₂ transport by blood to the tissues:- A- Anemia or abnormal HB [Anemic hypoxia]. B- General circulatory deficiency [Stagnant الركوديه: راكده ما به حركه hypoxia]. C- Localized circulatory deficiency. [peripheral, coronary, or cerebral vessels]. D- Tissue edema. تزيد السماكه مما يسبب صعوبه مرور الاكسجين للانسجه E- Shunts فتحه بين قناتين او حجرتين مغلقتين e.g. Interatrial Septal Defects. مرض خلقي يحدث فيه عدم اغلاق الفتحه بين الاذين الايمن والاذين الايسر

4- Reduced utilization of O₂ by the tissues :- e.g. Cyanide poisoning → Block cytochrome oxidase enzyme → the cells can not utilize O₂. Severe hypoxia → Death. In less severe conditions it can lead to :- A- ↓ Work capacity by the muscles. B- ↓ Mental activity → Death.

:علاج الهايبوكسياOxygen Therapy Useful in atmospheric hypoxia, hypoventilation, and in defects of the respiratory membrane. مهمه : لا تستخدم لكل انواع الهايبوكسيا Less useful in anemic, or stagnant hypoxia. مهمه Prolonged breathing of 100% O₂ at 1 atmosphere may be harmful → bronchopneumonia, and ↓ blood flow to the brain. In new born babies damage to the retina [Blindness] can occur with O₂ concentration over 40%. السبب في ذلك : ↑ levels of O₂ free radicals [O₂⁻ ] → Brain dysfunctions.

Cyanosis It is the bluish زرقه coloration of the mucus membrane of the lips and tongue. It can also be seen under the nail beds. It appears when more than 5 grams of Hemoglobin ⁄dL are deoxygenated. Anemia and cyanosis do not occur together. السبب : مريض الانيميا لديه من 8 – 9 قرام من هيموجلوبين ولا يحدث لهذا المريض زرقه لانه اذا كان 5 جرام منها غير مؤكسده سيموت المريض قبل حدوث الازرقاق

Acclimatization التاقلم مع to Low Gas Pressure ( high altitude ) الاماكن العاليه 1- ↑ Pulmonary Ventilation. يحدث بسبب تحفيز مركز التنفس بسبب نقصان الاكسجين مما يسبب ولكن الـ تقل تدريجيا بسبب زياده القاعديه وايضا بسبب نقصان الذي يحفز مركز التنفس ولكن مع كل هذا يبقى الفينتليشون مرتفعا 2- ↑ Hematocrit. ازياده نسبه خلايا الدم الحمراء بالنسبه لحجم الدم الكلي ( باختصار ارتفاع عدد خلايا الدم الحمراء ) – طيب من اول ياخي – ويحدث ذلك بسبب تحفيز المفرز من الكليه والمسبب لزياده انتاج خلايا الدم الحمراء 3- ↑ Diffusing Capacity of the Resp. membrane. بسبب زياده حجم الحويصلات HYPERVENTILATION HYPERVENTILATION PCO2 ERYTHROPIOTIN

CONT. 4- ↑ Vascularity of the tissues. 5- ↑ Levels of oxidative enzymes & mitochondria → ↑ ability to utilize O₂. اذا ذهب الشخص لمكان عالي يحدث له يحدث هذا لاول 8 الى 24 ساعه حيث يحدث صداع واستفراغ وفرط نوم ثم بعد ذلك يتاقلم الشخص – يحدث ذلك بسبب الذي يحدث بسبب نقصان الاكسجين الذي يعمل توسع الاوعيه في الدماغ مما يسبب Motion sickness Cerebral edema Cerebral edema

الهواء المتنفس الخارجي الهواء المتنفس عبر انبوبه الاكسجين المطلوب من الجدول : انه كلما زاد الارتفاع قل ضغط الاكسجين وثاني اكسيد الكربون

High Gas Pressure ( low altitude ) الاماكن المنخفضه تحت مستوى سطح البحر For each 33 ft. (10 meters) under water, one more atmosphere الضعف وليس زياده بمقدار 1 act against the body. More gasses will be absorbed by the body. The problem is nitrogen because it can be absorbed and released by the body very slowly. لانه كما نعلم كلما قل الضغط زاد حجم الغاز لذلك اذا خرج الشخص من قاع البحر مباشره وبسرعه تتفجر اوعيته بسبب تمدد النتروجين الذي لا يخرج من الجسم بسرعه