Cell & Batteries

CELLS AND BATTERIES CELLS AND BATTERIES Understand the general features of cells and batteries Understand the general features of cells and batteries Describe the relationship between cells and batteries. Describe the relationship between cells and batteries. Describe the basic operation of a battery. Describe the basic operation of a battery. Compare between primary and secondary cells. Compare between primary and secondary cells. List types of cells and batteries. List types of cells and batteries. Understand cell connections in series, parallel and series-parallel Understand cell connections in series, parallel and series-parallel Discuss the effects of different cell connections: Discuss the effects of different cell connections: a. Series a. Series b. Parallel b. Parallel c. Series-parallel c. Series-parallel Determine the total voltage of series sources with the same Determine the total voltage of series sources with the same polarities. polarities. Determine the total voltage of series sources with opposite Determine the total voltage of series sources with opposite polarities. polarities. Describe the internal resistance of cells connected in series Describe the internal resistance of cells connected in series and parallel. Determine the total internal resistance of cells connected in and parallel. Determine the total internal resistance of cells connected in series and parallel. series and parallel. Identify the relationship between the terminal voltage drops Identify the relationship between the terminal voltage drops and load current. and load current.

CELLS AND BATTERIES THE CELL A cell is a device that transforms chemical energy into electrical energy. The simplest cell, known as either a galvanic or voltaic cell, is shown in figure 2-1. It consists of a piece of carbon (C) and a piece of zinc (Zn) suspended in a jar that contains a solution of water (H20) and sulfuric acid (H2S04) called the electrolyte. A cell is a device that transforms chemical energy into electrical energy. The simplest cell, known as either a galvanic or voltaic cell, is shown in figure 2-1. It consists of a piece of carbon (C) and a piece of zinc (Zn) suspended in a jar that contains a solution of water (H20) and sulfuric acid (H2S04) called the electrolyte. Figure Simple voltaic or galvanic cell. Figure Simple voltaic or galvanic cell.

THE CELL The cell is the fundamental unit of the battery. A simple cell consists of two electrodes placed in a container that holds the electrolyte. The cell is the fundamental unit of the battery. A simple cell consists of two electrodes placed in a container that holds the electrolyte. In some cells the container acts as one of the electrodes and, in this case, is acted upon by the electrolyte. This will be covered in more detail later. In some cells the container acts as one of the electrodes and, in this case, is acted upon by the electrolyte. This will be covered in more detail later.

ELECTRODES The electrodes are the conductors by which the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte. In the simple cell, they are carbon and zinc strips that are placed in the electrolyte; while in the dry cell (fig. 2-2), they are the carbon rod in the center and zinc container in which the cell is assembled. The electrodes are the conductors by which the current leaves or returns to the electrolyte. In the simple cell, they are carbon and zinc strips that are placed in the electrolyte; while in the dry cell (fig. 2-2), they are the carbon rod in the center and zinc container in which the cell is assembled.

ELECTROLYTE The electrolyte is the solution that acts upon the electrodes. The electrolyte, which provides a path for electron flow, may be a salt, an acid, or an alkaline solution. In the simple galvanic cell, the electrolyte is in a liquid form. In the dry cell, the electrolyte is a paste. The electrolyte is the solution that acts upon the electrodes. The electrolyte, which provides a path for electron flow, may be a salt, an acid, or an alkaline solution. In the simple galvanic cell, the electrolyte is in a liquid form. In the dry cell, the electrolyte is a paste.

ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTION If a load (a device that consumes electrical power) is connected externally to the electrodes of a cell, electrons will flow under the influence of a difference in potential across the electrodes from the CATHODE (negative electrode), through the external conductor to the ANODE (positive electrode). If a load (a device that consumes electrical power) is connected externally to the electrodes of a cell, electrons will flow under the influence of a difference in potential across the electrodes from the CATHODE (negative electrode), through the external conductor to the ANODE (positive electrode). A cell is a device in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy. This process is called ELECTROCHEMICAL action. A cell is a device in which chemical energy is converted to electrical energy. This process is called ELECTROCHEMICAL action.

ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTION The voltage across the electrodes depends upon the materials from which the electrodes are made and the composition of the electrolyte. The current that a cell delivers depends upon the resistance of the entire circuit, including that of the cell itself. The voltage across the electrodes depends upon the materials from which the electrodes are made and the composition of the electrolyte. The current that a cell delivers depends upon the resistance of the entire circuit, including that of the cell itself. The internal resistance of the cell depends upon the size of the electrodes, the distance between them in the electrolyte, and the resistance of the electrolyte. The larger the electrodes and the closer together they are in the electrolyte (without touching), the lower the internal resistance of the cell and the more current the cell is capable of supplying to the load. The internal resistance of the cell depends upon the size of the electrodes, the distance between them in the electrolyte, and the resistance of the electrolyte. The larger the electrodes and the closer together they are in the electrolyte (without touching), the lower the internal resistance of the cell and the more current the cell is capable of supplying to the load.

Types of cells  Cells are classified as either primary or secondary.  In a primary cell, chemical reactions use up some of the materials in the cell as electrons flow from it. They can’t be recharged.  When these materials have been used up, the cell is said to be discharged and cannot be recharged.*

Primary cells Primary cells can be further classified as either wet or dry. Primary cells can be further classified as either wet or dry. The primary wet cell was first developed in 1800 by Italian scientist, Alessandro Volta. The primary wet cell was first developed in 1800 by Italian scientist, Alessandro Volta. This cell is therefore called the voltaic cell. This cell is therefore called the voltaic cell.

Dry cell battery

Secondary Cells  Unlike primary cells, a secondary cell can be discharged and recharged many hundreds of times.  Secondary cells are often referred to rechargeable batteries. A car battery consists of a group of secondary cells. A car battery consists of a group of secondary cells.

BATTERIES A battery is a voltage source that uses chemical action to produce a voltage. In many cases the term battery is applied to a single cell, such as the flashlight battery. In the case of a flashlight that uses a battery of 1.5 volts, the battery is a single cell. A battery is a voltage source that uses chemical action to produce a voltage. In many cases the term battery is applied to a single cell, such as the flashlight battery. In the case of a flashlight that uses a battery of 1.5 volts, the battery is a single cell. The flashlight that is operated by 6 volts uses four cells in a single case and this is a battery composed of more than one cell. There are three ways to combine cells to form a battery. The flashlight that is operated by 6 volts uses four cells in a single case and this is a battery composed of more than one cell. There are three ways to combine cells to form a battery.

TYPES OF CONNECTION CELLS Series cells Series cells Parallel cells Parallel cells Series-Parallel cells Series-Parallel cells Cells connected in SERIES provide a higher voltage. Cells connected in SERIES provide a higher voltage. while cells connected in PARALLEL provide a higher current capacity. while cells connected in PARALLEL provide a higher current capacity. To provide adequate power when both voltage and current requirements are greater than the capacity of one cell, a combination SERIES- PARALLEL network of cells must be used. To provide adequate power when both voltage and current requirements are greater than the capacity of one cell, a combination SERIES- PARALLEL network of cells must be used.

Series-Connected Cells Assume that a load requires a power supply of 6 volts and a current capacity of 1/8 ampere. Since a single cell normally supplies a voltage of only 1.5 volts, more than one cell is needed. To obtain the higher voltage, the cells are connected in series as shown in figure 2-6. Assume that a load requires a power supply of 6 volts and a current capacity of 1/8 ampere. Since a single cell normally supplies a voltage of only 1.5 volts, more than one cell is needed. To obtain the higher voltage, the cells are connected in series as shown in figure 2-6.

Series connected cells

Series-Connected Cells Formula ; Formula ; Total of Internal resistance = n x r (  ) Where n = total of cells in the circuit Load Resistance = RL Total of resistance = (RL + nr) Total of e.m.f = n x E (volt) Current, I = n E (Ampere) (RL + nr) (RL + nr)

Parallel-Connected Cells

Formula ; Formula ; Total of Internal resistance = r / n (  ) Where n = total of cells in the circuit Load Resistance = RL Total of resistance = (RL + r/n) (  ) Total of e.m.f = E (volt) Current, I = E (Ampere) (RL + r/n) (RL + r/n)

Series-Parallel Connected Cells Series-Parallel Connected Cells

Formula ; Formula ; Total of Internal resistance (in series) = nr (  ) Total of Internal resistance = nr / m (  ) Where m = total of internal resistance in Where m = total of internal resistance in parallel parallel Load Resistance = RL Total of resistance = (RL + nr / m) (  ) Total of e.m.f = nE (volt) Current, I = nE (Ampere) (RL + nr/m) (RL + nr/m) Series-Parallel Connected Cells Series-Parallel Connected Cells

Example for series cells connection

Example for Parallel cells connection

Example for Series-Parallel cells connection