The Development of Nation-States Europe in the 14 th and 15 th Centuries

During most of the Feudal era, monarchs had limited power Modern nations did not exist Powerful nobles often had as much power as monarchs Nobles maintained their own armies By the 14 th century, monarchs began to consolidate their power and modern nations began to develop

France

The Last Capetian Kings Philip IV “The Fair” Struggled with papacy over taxation of clergy Dissolved Knights Templar First Estates General Relied on professional ministers to run government

Succeeded in turn by his three sons: –Louis X –Philip V –Charles IV All three died without having male heirs Crown was offered to Philip of Valois

Monarchs of the 100 Years War Philip VI John II “The Good” Charles V “The Wise” Charles VI “The Mad” Charles VII “The Dauphin” Philip VI – first Valois monarch

Charles VII (1422 – 1461) Ended 100 Years War Consolidated royal authority Pragmatic Sanction of 1438 First French standing army

Louis XI – “The Spider King” Used assassination, arrest and public execution to extend his power Adds much of Burgundy to France Stimulated French economy

By end of 15 th century France was a unified nation under a strong monarch France also controlled parts of Flanders Interested in extending their power into Italy, especially the Kingdom of Naples

Spain

In 8 th century, Visigothic Spain was conquered by Berber Muslims By 10 th century Reconquista began By 13 th century the only Muslim part of Spain was Granada In 1450, Spain was divided into several kingdoms – the most important were Portugal, Castile and Leon, and Aragon

Castile and Leon Originally 2 nations that were united in 1230 Involved in Reconquista – “castile” means castle 1454 Isabella of Castile ascended the throne – great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt Married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469

Aragon Looked towards the Mediterranean Acquired Sicily 1282 Acquired Kingdom of Naples 1443 Acquired Navarre mid 1400s Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile in 1469

Ferdinand and Isabella Arms of CastileArms of Aragon

Ferdinand and Isabella with their daughter, Juana

United their two countries Completed Reconquista in 1492 Established a program of religious orthodoxy that led to – –The Spanish Inquisition (1478) –Deportation of Jews and Muslims in 1492 Financed Columbus’ voyages and expanded Spain's territories into the “New World” Council of the Indies (1524)

Juana “the Mad” Ferdinand and Isabella’s heir Married Philip “the Handsome” – son of Holy Roman Emperor Power struggle after Isabella’s death in 1504 between Ferdinand and Philip

Philip died suddenly of typhus in 1506 Ferdinand declared Juana insane and imprisoned her in castle at Tordesillas After Ferdinand’s death, Juana abdicated in favor of her son, Charles I (later Charles V HRE) Philip and Juana

The Holy Roman Empire

First established when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne in 800 Major power in Europe between 900 and 1100 The HRE was elected by German princes but confirmed and crowned by the pope Empire difficult to unify because it contained many different peoples, languages and cultures

Charles (r ) –“Golden Bull” established electors: Archbishops of Mainz, Trier and Cologne, King of Bohemia, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Margrave of Brandenburg, Duke of Saxony Sigismund (r ) –Council of Constance –No male heir; daughter married Habsburg prince Albert Albert –Only reigned for one year

Frederick III Habsburg Habsburgs will rule Holy Roman Empire (and then Austria) until 1919 Last HRE to be crowned by the pope “Let others lead wars; you, happy Austria, marry!”

Maximilian I Expanded HRE and firmly established the Habsburgs as a European power Married Mary of Burgundy and added the Netherlands to Habsburg domains Claimed Milan through second marriage to daughter of the Duke

Charles V Son of Juana of Castile and Philip the Handsome Inherited both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire Elected Emperor at age of 18

Habsburg Domains during reign of Charles V

England

Saxon England was conquered in 1066 by William, Duke of Normandy The English monarchs quickly consolidated their power and united the country The culture and language of the English nobility was Norman French throughout much of the Middle Ages

The Plantagenet's William’s son Henry I left the throne to his daughter Matilda – resulted in over 20 years of civil war Henry II – son of Matilda and Count Geoffrey of Anjou – inherited the throne in 1154 Henry II

Henry was King of England, Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Brittany and claimed lordship over Ireland. In 1170, the English monarch controlled more French territory than did the King of France!

The Plantagenet's and the Development of Parliament Originated as the Great Council – whose origins go back to Saxon times First became an institution under Edward I in 1264 “Model Parliament” of 1295 – Parliament consisted of “Lords” (nobility and bishops) and “Commons” (knights and burgesses from the shires) Had power over taxation

In 1327 Parliament was instrumental in the deposition of Edward II and replacing him with his son, Edward III During the reign of Edward III: –Parliament was first divided into two separate “Houses” – Lords and Commons –The office of “Speaker of the House” was created –Parliament increased in power as the king requested more money for the 100 Years War

Edward III English language replaced French as the language of the law courts and Parliament Introduced the title of “Duke” for nobles who are closely related to the monarch “Order of the Garter” – established 1348 Started 100 Years War with France

Richard II Grandson of Edward III Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 Unpopular with many of the nobles because: –Did not pursue the French wars –Interested in cultural issues rather than fighting –Preferred his “favorites’, who were not from traditional noble houses

Lancastrian Monarchs Richard II was deposed by his cousin Henry of Lancaster – leading to the rule of the...

Henry IV (1399 – 1413) Henry V (1413 – 1422) Henry VI (1422 – 1461 and )

Henry V Continued wars with France – Battle of Agincourt in 1415 was a major English victory Treaty of Troyes – Henry married French princess Catherine and will inherit the throne when her father, Charles the Mad, dies Henry and Charles both died in 1422

Henry VI Inherited both the French and English thrones at the age of 6 months His uncles, the sons of Henry IV, ruled for him during his minority During these years, England continued to fight in France and lost most of the territory that Henry V had gained Marriage of Henry to Margaret of Anjou was an attempt to bring about peace

Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou

The Wars of the Roses The White Rose of YorkThe Red Rose of Lancaster

A dynastic war over which descendants of Edward III should rule England Would not have happened if Henry VI had not had periodic bouts of insanity inherited from his French grandfather, King Charles “the Mad” When he could not rule, the question was “Who should rule for him?” Richard, Duke of York, was the heir to the throne and a powerful noble, but Margaret neither liked nor trusted him

Margaret preferred to rely on Henry’s illegitimate Beaufort cousins and denied Richard of York any role in the government This eventually led to warfare in 1455 and to Richard’s claiming the throne for himself in In 1460, Richard was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, but his oldest son Edward continued the fight and gained the throne for himself in 1460

Battles of the Wars of the Roses

Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville

Edward was a strong and popular ruler until his sudden death in 1483 His death left his 12 year old son as heir under the control of Edward’s widely disliked wife, Elizabeth Woodville. An irregularity in Edward and Elizabeth’s marriage led Edward’s younger brother Richard to claim the throne on the grounds that the young princes were illegitimate and thus could not rule Richard was crowned Richard III in June, 1483

Richard III

“The Princes in the Tower” A Romantic 19th century painting

Margaret Beaufort Grand-daughter of John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford Married at age 13 to Edmund Tudor, the half-brother of Henry VI Had one son – Henry Tudor Was very well educated and deeply religious

Margaret worked with disaffected Lancastrians and Yorkists who refused to support Richard III to gain support for her son, Henry, who was in exile in France Henry was of royal lineage on both sides – descended from Edward III through the illigitimate Beaufort branch through his mother and from Charles “the Mad” through his father who was the son of Catherine of Valois’ second marriage to Owen Tudor

The House of Tudor Henry Tudor invaded England and defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in August, 1485 Married Elizabeth of York – the oldest daughter of Edward IV – and united the Houses of Lancaster and York Not a popular monarch, but did bring an end to 30 years of the civil war

Henry VII and Elizabeth of York

The Tudor Rose

By The monarch was supreme – there were no powerful nobles to challenge him Parliament had authority to depose or name the monarch Parliament had authority over taxation England and Wales were united; England claimed Ireland and controlled large parts of the island