Men of the Late Roman Republic Sulla Marius Pompey the Great Crassus Julius Caesar Cicero Cato Augustus.

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Men of the Late Roman Republic Sulla Marius Pompey the Great Crassus Julius Caesar Cicero Cato Augustus

After the Social Wars of B.C. between the Romans and their Italian allies, the Roman Republic entered another period of turmoil leading to its demise in dictatorship. Commanders with loyal armies and veterans behind them began demanding recompense and more by showing up in force before the senate or by establishing a de facto coup d’etat. Sulla was the first one to do this, creating a bloody precedent which Rome feared. The memory of this slaughter was in the mind of every Roman when Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his army and headed toward Rome.

Lucius Cornelius Sulla First general to march an army into Rome to become dictator. Nick-named Felix, meaning “lucky”. Sought to uphold establishment. Opponent of Marius. Issued infamous proscriptions for the slaughter of his enemies. Retired peacefully until death in 78 B.C.

Gaius Marius Created Roman professional army. Was of plebian origin. Active as military leader until age 70. Opponent of Sulla. Defeated Jugurtha in Africa, the Teutones & Cimbri in the North Siezed power in Rome and allowed murder of enemies.

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Defeated 22 kings and 14 nations. At age 25 given sarcastic nickname “Magnus” (“the Great”) by Sulla. One of the First Triumvirate including J. Caesar and Crassus. Aided in the repression of Spartacus’s slave rebellion. Cleansed Mediterranean of Piracy in 67. Defeated by J. Caesar in 48 B.C. Later killed by assassin.

Marcus Licinius Crassus Richest man in Rome. Joined Sulla against Marius. Destroyed Spartacus’s slave revolt. One of the three Triumvirate members. Invaded Parthia in 53 B.C. where he was defeated and killed with his legions.

Gaius Julius Caesar Lived from 100 to 44 B.C. Literary, military, and political genius. Member of the First Triumvirate. Conquered Gaul. Marched on Rome and established dictatorship. Assassinated on March, 15 th, 44 B.C.

Marcus Tullius Cicero Rome’s greatest orator. Established himself with by exposing Catiline’s would-be coup ď état. Prolific writer and publisher of letters, speeches, philosophy, and rhetorical works. Killed in Augustus’ proscriptions.

Marcus Porcius Cato Uncompromising defender of traditional aristocratic regime. Ancestor was like-minded Cato the Elder. Opposed the First Triumvirate. Later nick-named “Uticensis” for his suicide in Utica, Africa in protest of Caesar’s rule.

Gaius Octavianus Great-nephew and heir to Julius Caesar Received title “Augustus”. Following Caesar’s assassination, finally gained control of Empire by defeating Antony & Cleopatra in 31 B.C. Ruled as first Roman Emperor for 41 years. Founded Julio-Claudian dynasty.

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