ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 5 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A The Skeletal System

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skeletal System  Parts of the skeletal system: bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments Function of bones:  Support body, protects organs, allows movement, storage of minerals & fats, blood cell formation Divided into two divisions  Axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, thorax)  Appendicular skeleton (limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Human Body  The adult skeleton has 206 bones  Two basic types of bone tissue  Compact bone: hard, solid  Homogeneous  Spongy bone  Small needle-like pieces of bone  Many open spaces Figure 5.2b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone  Diaphysis  Shaft, compact bone  Compact bone  Epiphysis  Ends of the bone  Mostly spongy bone  Articular Cartilage  Covers surface of ends  Hyaline cartilage  Reduces friction Figure 5.2a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of a Long Bone  Periosteum: Outside covering of diaphysis  Fibrous connective tissue  Sharpey’s fibers: Secure periosteum to underlying bone  Arteries: Supply bone cells with nutrients  Medullary cavity: Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults, red marrow (blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Markings  Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments  Passages for nerves and blood vessels  Bone markings:  Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface, bumps, mounds  Depressions or cavities – indentations

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone  Lacunae  Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)  Arranged in rings  Lamellae  Rings around central canal  Sites of lacunae  Canaliculi  Tiny canals  Form a transport system Detail of Figure 5.3

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Changes in the Human Skeleton  Embryo: skeleton is mostly hyaline cartilage  This cartilage is eventually replaced by bone  Cartilage remains in:  Bridge of the nose  Parts of ribs  Joints

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Bone Cells  Osteocytes  Mature bone cells  Osteoblasts  Bone-forming cells  Osteoclasts  Bone-destroying cells  Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium  Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Fractures  Types of bone fractures  Closed (simple) fracture – broken bone does not penetrate the skin  Open (compound) fracture – penetrates through the skin

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton Axial Skeleton  Forms the longitudinal part of the body  Divided into three parts  Skull  Vertebral column  Bony thorax

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skull Figure 5.7

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Skull Figure 5.11

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses  Hollow portions of bones around nasal cavity  Lightens skull, voice resonates Figure 5.10

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Fetal Skull  The fetal skull is large compared to body  Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones (“soft spots” of baby’s head)  Allows brain to grow  Converts to bone within 24 months Figure 5.13

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Vertebral Column  Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs  The spine has a normal curvature  Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Bony Thorax Bony Thorax  Protects major organs  Three parts  Sternum  Ribs  Thoracic vertebrae Figure 5.19a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton  Limbs (appendages) – bones of arms, legs  Pectoral girdle – bones of chest  Clavicle – collarbone  Scapula – shoulder blade  Pelvic girdle – bones of pelvis

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.20a–b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limb  The arm is formed by  Humerus  The forearm  Ulna  Radius Figure 5.21a–b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limb  The hand  Carpals – wrist  Metacarpals – palm  Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Pelvic Girdle  Hip bones, protect several organs  Three pair of fused bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubic bone

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs  Thigh bone: Femur  Lower leg:  Tibia  Fibula Figure 5.24a–b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs  The foot  Tarsus – ankle  Metatarsals – sole  Phalanges – toes Figure 5.25

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structural Classification of Joints Joints – hold bones together, allow mobility  Fibrous joints  Generally immovable  Sutures of scull, holds tibia fibula together  Cartilaginous joints  Immovable or slightly moveable  Pubic symphysis; between vertebra  Synovial joints  Freely moveable  Shoulder, elbow, wrists

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints  Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction  Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths  Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints  Over 100 different types  The most widespread crippling disease in the US