7.5 p. 205 – p. 259
206 bones in human body Made up of 2 parts: ◦ Axial Skeleton ◦ Appendicular Skeleton eletalsystem/skeleton/introduction/t utorial.html eletalsystem/skeleton/introduction/t utorial.html
Skull ◦ Cranium ◦ Face Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage ◦ Ribs ◦ Sternum
Pectoral girdle Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Lower limbs
Axial Skeleton
Frontal bone Parietal Bone Temporal Bones Occipital Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone
Frontal Bone ◦ Forehead ◦ Bone under eyebrows ◦ Superior portion of eye orbits Parietal Bones ◦ Most superior and lateral walls of cranium ◦ Sagittal suture at midline ◦ Coronal suture where they meet the frontal bone
Temporal Bones: inferior to the parietal bones ◦ Joined at squamous sutures ◦ External acoustic meatus ◦ Styloid process ◦ Zygomatic process ◦ Mastoid process ◦ Jugular foramen ◦ Internal acoustic meatus ◦ Carotid
Occipital Bone ◦ Joined to parietal bones anteriorly by the lambdoid suture ◦ Foramen magnum Surrounds lower part or brain, allows spinal cord to connect to brain ◦ Occipital condyles
Sphenoid Bone ◦ Spans width of the skull ◦ Forms floor of cranial cavity ◦ Optic canal ◦ Sphenoid sinuses
Ethmoid Bones ◦ Anterior to sphenoid bone ◦ Forms roof of nasal cavity ◦ Crista galli – extension forms nasal septum ◦ Superior and middle nasal conchae – support mucous membranes ◦ Ethmoidal Sinuses
stem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/menu/me nu.html stem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/menu/me nu.html
Maxillae Palantine Bones Zygomatic Bones Lacrimal Bones Nasal Bones Vomer Bone Inferior Nasal Conchae Mandible
Maxillae (maxillary bones) ◦ Upper jaw ◦ Keystone bones – all other bones join with the maxillae bones ◦ Upper teeth in alveolar margin ◦ Palantine processes – anterior portion of hard palate ◦ Paranasal sinuses Palantine Bones: form posterior portion of hard palate ◦ Failure to develop forms a cleft palate
Zygomatic Bones ◦ Cheek bones ◦ Eye sockets Lacrimal Bones ◦ Medial portion of each eye socket ◦ Groove to serve as passageway for tears Nasal bones ◦ Small bones forming bridge of the nose
Vomer Bone ◦ Joins the ethmoid bone to form the nasal septum Inferior Nasal Conchae ◦ Thin, curved bones from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity Mandible ◦ Lower jaw ◦ Body ◦ Rami ◦ Lower teeth in alveoli (alveolar margin)
Only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with another bone Suspended in neck approximately 2cm above the larynx Movement of tongue Attachment for neck muscles
Use your books and computers to summarize the development of the skull. Focus in fetal development through adolescence. Bullet points or paragraph Be prepared to present all or a portion to the class.
Are the same bones seen in the adult as seen in the fetus? How does the size of the fetal face compare to the cranium? ◦ How does this compare to an adult skull? What is a fontanel? ◦ What is its fate? ◦ What is the function of the fontanel in the fetal skull?
Regions: ◦ Cervical ◦ Thoracic ◦ Lumbar ◦ Sacral Shapes vary Intervertebral discs ◦ Separate and cushion vertebrae
Body / centrum Vertebral arch Vertebral foramen Pedicles Transverse processes Spinous processes Superior and inferior articular facets Anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments
C1 – C7 Neck region of spine First two vertebrae: atlas and axis (allows you to shake your head “no” – atlas will pivot around the dens)
Smallest vertebrae Transverse process contains foramina for the vertebral arteries to pass through
T1 – T12 Larger than cervical vertebrae Connect with ribs
L1 – L5 Sturdiest vertebrae Massive bodies, short spinous processes
Fusion of 5 vertebrae Superiorly connects with L5 Inferiorly connects with coccyx Sacral foramina Sacral canal
Fusion of three irregularly shaped vertebrae “tailbone”
Identify the pictures using your notes. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, axis, atlas
-Ribs -Sternum -Costal Cartilage
12 pairs of ribs (24 total) True Ribs ◦ First 7 pairs of ribs ◦ Vertebrosternal ribs False ribs: ◦ Next 5 pairs of ribs ◦ Do not reach sternum directly ◦ Last 2 pairs of the false ribs are sometimes called floating ribs
Midline of anterior portion of thoracic cage 3 parts: ◦ Manubrium ◦ Body ◦ Xiphoid process
Appendicular Skeleton
Shoulder girdle Clavicles Scapulae (scapula) Support of upper limb and muscle attachment
Slender, rod like bones Elongated S-shape Base of the neck Run from the manubrium to the scapulae
Broad, triangular in shape Either side of the upper back Spine Acromion process and coracoid process form the top of the shoulder Glenoid cavity – articulates with the head of the humerus
Humerus Radius Ulna Hand ◦ Carpals ◦ Metacarpals ◦ Phalanges
Scapula elbow Head fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle ◦ Both provide muscle attachment
Thumb side of the forearm Shorter than the ulna Head articulates with the ulna (radial notch) and the humerus
Longer than the radius Articulates with the humerus (trochlear notch)
Wrist ◦ 8 small carpals in two rows ◦ All together called carpus Palm ◦ 5 bones, in line with each finger Fingers ◦ Phalanges ◦ 2 bones in thumb ◦ 3 bones in fingers
Hip bones ◦ Ilium ◦ Ischium ◦ Pubis Symphysis pubis Male pelvis is more slender than the female pelvis ◦ Female ilium is wider
Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Foot: ◦ Tarsals ◦ Metatarsals ◦ Phalanges
Longest bone in the body Connects hip to knee Greater trochanter, lesser trochanter Lateral and medial chondyle articulate with tibia
Kneecap Covers joint between femur and tibia
Tibia: shin bone Larger of the two Articulates at the knee with the femur Medial portion of lower leg Fibula Bears no body weight Lateral portion of the leg Protrudes from ankle
Tarsals (form the tarsus) ◦ Talus: forms medial portion of ankle ◦ Calcaneus: heel bone Metatarsals: 5 bones ◦ Form foot Phalanges ◦ Toes Big toe (2 bones) other 4 toes (3 bones)