The break down

 Best known Christian humanist  Believed in the “philosophy of Christ” which means Christians should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis not just provide beliefs to save them.  Looked to reform the catholic church from within, not break away from it.  His ideas did however spark the way for reformation

 Corruption!!!  Popes too concerned with politics and worldly interests ex. Julius II led armies against his enemies  Leaders of the church failed to meet their responsibilities to the people  Worldly –wise clergy had little interest in the spiritual needs of the people  This paved the way for change

 A Monk and Professor at Wittenberg  Believed that Humans are not saved through good works but only by their faith in God  His justification by faith became the chief  teaching of the protestant reformation  Bible is the only source of religious truth  Creates and sends out the ninety-five theses

 An attack on the practices of selling indulgences.  What are indulgences?  Thousands of copies spread through-out Germany  What was created during this time that some many could be made?

 3 yrs later Luther moves to toward a break of the catholic church  He calls for princes to over throw the papacy in Germany and start new reformed state churches  Calls for Clergy to be allowed to marry  Catholic Church excommunicates him and with the Edict of Worms declares him an outlaw, his works burned and to be arrested

 His religious movement becomes a revolution  Rulers support his movement and take control of catholic churches, form state churches supervised by the govt.  Luther sets up new services, bible reading, preaching the word of God, and a song  Lurthernism is the first Protestant faith

 1524 Luther faced a political crisis, German peasants revolted against their Lords, looking to Luther for support  Luther supported the Lords, saying that God put them in charge  This made Luther even more dependant on the Lords and Princes to grow his church ideas

 Charles V same as Charles the I who sacked Rome  What did his empire consist of? Pg 417  Wanted to keep his empire catholic to preserve unity.  German Princes organized and supported Lutheranism  Charles seeks peace and creates the Peace of Augsburg: accepted the division of Christianity in Germany

 Ulrich Zwingli: a priest in Zurich introduced reform in Switzerland  Relics and images were abolished, paintings and decorations removed,  Services of scripture reading, prayer and sermons replaced catholic mass

 War breaks out between Catholic and Protestant and Zwingli dies  Leadership of the Protestantism in Switzerland now passed down to John Calvin  John Calvin: from France, converts to Protestantism and forced to flee to Switzerland  Writes a book: “Institutes of Christian Religion”

 Believed like Luther in Justification by faith alone to explain how humans achieve salvation  However he believes in predestination: God had determined in advance who would be saved and who wouldn’t  Calvinism became a dynamic and active faith, they spread there faith to other people.

 1536 Calvin began working to reform the city of Geneva  He created a church government.  Also creates a special Court called the Consistory, which enforced moral life and doctrinal purity.  Court would punish, for “crimes” like dancing, singing obscene songs, drunkenness, swearing and playing cards/gambling

 Geneva becomes powerful center of Protestantism  Trains missionaries who go all over europe and establish Calvinist churches in France, Netherlands, Scotland and Central & Eastern Europe.  Calvinism replaces Lutheranism as the most dynamic form of Protestantism and Geneva stood as the center of Protestant Reformation.

 Rooted in Politics, not religion  King Henry VIII wants to divorce wife. (no male Heir)  Pope won’t Annul/ declare invalid marriage  Henry turns to England's church courts the Archbishop grants his request and he marries Anne Boleyn and has another girl (Queen Elizabeth I)

 1534 At Henry’s request, Parliament moves to officially break away from the Roman Catholic church  declares King the only supreme head on earth and of the New Church of England. Its Called the Act of Supremacy of 1534  King uses his new power to sell church lands and raise money for treasury and supporters

 Henry dies and His son Edward VI, son form third wife, takes over at just 9 yrs. old  He moves to a more protestant belief, giving clergy the right to marry and creating a new Protestant church service.  Edward dies of tuberculosis at 16

 Mary the Daughter of Henry’s first wife now takes the Throne.  She is catholic and wants to move the country back to Catholicism, but her actions create the opposite affect.  Known as Bloody Mary due to burning 300 protestants she pushes the people to embrace Protestantism even more

 Radicals who believed, states shouldn't have religious power  Believed in spiritual rebirth and adult baptism  Believed in Spiritual Equality  All Christians were considered priests, and one in community of believers could be a minister (except women)  Believed in complete separation of church and state

 Clergy allowed to marry  Family now be placed at the center of life with mutual love between husband and wife  However Protestantism still supported the idea as the husband is the ruler of the home and wife remain obedient and to bear children  Anti-Semitism, still played a role in society, Luther excepted converted Jews but if resisted he often encouraged violence against them  Papal states would place non converting Jews in to segregated ghettos

 Ignatius of Loyola, founded the society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits  Recognized as a religious order By Pope  Jesuits took vow of absolute obedience to the Pope  Used education to spread catholic ideas and restored Catholicism throughout Germany and Eastern Europe

 Pope Paul III see’s a need for change creates the a Reform Commission in 1537  Commission is to determine the church’s ills/ problems  Commission finds that past Popes corrupt policies are to blame

 Pope Paul III creates the Counsel of Trent  This group consists of cardinals, archbishops, abbots and theologians and they met off and on for 18 years in the city of Trent.  What they Do:  1. Reaffirm that both faith and good works are needed for salvation  2. The seven sacraments, the Catholic view of the Eucharist and clerical celibacy were all upheld  3. belief of purgatory and the use of indulgence, (banning the sale of them)  Result: Now the Catholic church has clear Doctrine/purpose and is unified under the Pope’s Authority, ready to combat other faiths