By Dr Abdulaziz Saeedan P h.D. Department of Pharmacology E mail: P harmacology – IV PHL-425 Chapter 1: CANCER: An Introduction

Oncology: Branch of medicine that deals with the study, detection, treatment and management of cancer and neoplasia Branch of medicine that deals with the study, detection, treatment and management of cancer and neoplasia Cancer: Cancer is a large group of diseases (over 200) characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.* Cancer is a large group of diseases (over 200) characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.* * American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and Figures 2005

Normal Cells Vs. Cancer Cells Cancer cells: Cancer cells: Lose control over growth and multiplication Lose control over growth and multiplication Do not self-destruct when they become worn out or damaged Do not self-destruct when they become worn out or damaged Crowd out healthy cells Crowd out healthy cells

Figure 1 Cell , DOI: ( /j.cell ) Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions Terms and Conditions Terms and Conditions

Growth of Cancer Cells Size of cancer cells: Size of cancer cells: One million cancer cells = head of a pin One million cancer cells = head of a pin One billion cancer cells = a small grape One billion cancer cells = a small grape 2 30 = 1,073,741,824 = 1 billion cells 2-6 weeks Cancer cells reproduce every 2-6 weeks. 2-6 weeks

Signs and Symptoms of Cancer Change in bowel habits or bladder functions Change in bowel habits or bladder functions Sores that do not heal Sores that do not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Unusual bleeding or discharge Lumps or thickening of breast or other parts of the body Lumps or thickening of breast or other parts of the body Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Recent change in wart or mole Recent change in wart or mole Persistent coughing or hoarseness Persistent coughing or hoarseness

Root Words: Neo- new Neo- new Plasia- growth Plasia- growth Plasm- substance Plasm- substance Trophy- size Trophy- size +Oma- tumor +Oma- tumor Statis- location Statis- location A- none A- none Ana- lack Ana- lack Hyper- excessive Hyper- excessive Meta - change Meta - change Dys- bad, deranged Dys- bad, deranged

Characteristics of Neoplasia Uncontrolled growth of Abnormal cells: 1. Benign 1. Benign 2. Malignant 2. Malignant 3. Borderline 3. Borderline 1. Benign Well-differentiated Well-differentiated Slow growth Slow growth Encapsulated Encapsulated Non-invasive Non-invasive Does NOT metastasize Does NOT metastasize 2. Malignant Undifferentiated Undifferentiated Erratic and Uncontrolled Growth Erratic and Uncontrolled Growth Expansive and Invasive Expansive and Invasive Secretes abnormal proteins Secretes abnormal proteins METASTASIZES METASTASIZES

Nomenclature of Neoplasia Tumor is named according to: 1. Parenchyma, Organ or Cell 1. Parenchyma, Organ or Cell Hepatoma- liver Hepatoma- liver Osteoma- bone Osteoma- bone Myoma- muscle Myoma- muscle 2. Pattern and Structure, either Gross or Microscopic 2. Pattern and Structure, either Gross or Microscopic Fluid-filled - CYST Fluid-filled - CYST Glandular - ADENO Glandular - ADENO Finger-like - PAPILLO Finger-like - PAPILLO Stalk - POLYP Stalk - POLYP

Nomenclature of Neoplasia Tumor is named according to: 3. Embryonic origin 3. Embryonic origin Ectoderm ( usually gives rise to epithelium) Ectoderm ( usually gives rise to epithelium) Endoderm (usually gives rise to glands) Endoderm (usually gives rise to glands) Mesoderm (usually gives rise to Connective tissues) Mesoderm (usually gives rise to Connective tissues) BENIGN TUMORS (Suffix- “OMA” is used) BENIGN TUMORS (Suffix- “OMA” is used) Adipose tissue- LipOMA Adipose tissue- LipOMA Bone- osteOMA Bone- osteOMA Muscle- myOMA Muscle- myOMA Blood vessels- angiOMA Blood vessels- angiOMA Fibrous tissue- fibrOMA Fibrous tissue- fibrOMA

Nomenclature of Neoplasia MALIGNANT TUMORS MALIGNANT TUMORS Named according to embryonic cell origin 1. Ectodermal, Endodermal, Glandular, Epithelial origin 1. Ectodermal, Endodermal, Glandular, Epithelial origin Use the suffix- “CARCINOMA” Use the suffix- “CARCINOMA” Pancreatic AdenoCarcinoma Pancreatic AdenoCarcinoma Squamos cell Carcinoma Squamos cell Carcinoma 2. Mesodermal, connective tissue origin 2. Mesodermal, connective tissue origin Use the suffix “SARCOMA ” Use the suffix “SARCOMA ” FibroSarcoma FibroSarcoma Myosarcoma Myosarcoma AngioSarcoma AngioSarcoma Exceptions: “OMA” but Malignant - HepatOMA, lymphOMA, gliOMA, melanOMA “OMA” but Malignant - HepatOMA, lymphOMA, gliOMA, melanOMA Non-neoplastic but “OMA” Choristoma, Hamatoma Non-neoplastic but “OMA” Choristoma, Hamatoma

Carcinomas (cells that cover internal and external body surfaces) Types of Cancers Lung Breast Colon Bladder Prostate(Men) Leukemia (Blood Cells) Lymphomas (Lymph nodes &tissues) Sarcomas Cells in supportive tissues – bones & muscles

What Causes Cancer? Lifestyle Environment Family History Viruses

Lifestyle Risks Smoking Diet high fat and low in fruits and vegetables Lack of exercise Unprotected exposure to the sun, (UV) rays Obesity

Environmental Risks Second hand smoke Second hand smoke Air pollution Air pollution Industrial pollution Industrial pollution Chemical exposures Chemical exposures

Fruits and Vegetables Decrease Cancer Risks Cancer rates could decline by up to 20% if everyone consumed 5 fruits and vegetables a day!* Cancer fighting substances: Antioxidants Dietary fiber Carotenoids Flavenoids *American Institute for Cancer Research, 1998.

Reduce Your Skin Exposure to the Sun  Limit time outside, between 10 a.m. & 4 p.m.  Wear protective clothing. Use wide-brimmed hats and sunglasses.  Prevent sunburns, especially for children under 18. Use waterproof sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher.

American Cancer Society 186,550 The number of lives that could be saved each year if we ate a healthy diet and exercised regularly 186,550 The number of lives that could be saved each year with no tobacco

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