ROME

ROMAN REPUBLIC

 mountains up the east coast  Alps in north with passages  surrounded by water GEOGRAPHY

Patricians  Landowners  Made the law Plebeians  Farmers  Followed the law? CLASS SYSTEM

 Iowa classroom HOW DO CLASS SYSTEMS CREATE CONFLICT?

 Aeneas  Romulus and Remus FOUNDING OF ROME

 Latin settlers built along the Tiber river  Etruscan kings from the north took over  Greek colonies in the south HISTORICAL FOUNDING OF ROME

 wealthy land owners overthrew the king, established a republic  Senate-controlled public funds and foreign policy  Dictators could rule for 6 months in times of emergency  Magistrates=consuls (chief executive), praetors (commanders, judges), censors (bureaucrats) ROMAN REPUBLIC GOVERNMENT

SimilaritiesDifferences LIKE OURS OR NOT?

 every man who owned land was required to serve in the army  legionnaires ARMY

 -benevolently, cities around Rome granted full citizenship, city- states further away were granted partial citizenship  far away territories remained independent, but had to supply troops for the Roman army and land for Roman farmers RULING CONQUERED AREAS

 1 st - largely a naval war (Rome built off a model Carthaginian ship), Rome forced Carthage to give up Sicily  2 nd - Hannibal marched across the Alps into Italy and won many victories, laying waste to the countryside, Romans invaded Carthage and Scipio defeated Hannibal, Spanish colonies ceded to Rome  3 rd - mostly for revenge, Carthage sieged and destroyed PUNIC WARS

 Senate gained a lot of control  Gracchi (Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus) tried land reforms and subsidizing food  both were violently killed EXPANSION CHANGES GOVERNMENT

 equites gained status as middle class merchants  soldiers forced to sell land because it was destroyed and they did not have the money to repair it  Social Wars (allies wanted more political power), they lost the war but won their rights WEAKENING REPUBLIC

 First Triumvirate – Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey, and Licinius Crassus  Caesar became a successful general in Gaul  Crassus died in battle  Pompey ordered Caesar back to Rome without his army  Caesar came back with his army, Pompey fled to Greece where he was defeated FIRST TRIUMVIRATE

 Marc Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus (Caesar’s second in command)  Lepidus forced to retire  Antony took the east part of the empire  Octavian the west  Octavian convinced the Senate to go to war against Antony, defeating him and Cleopatra at the battle of Actium SECOND TRIUMVIRATE

ROMAN EMPIRE

 Octavian became Augustus (“revered one”), first Roman emperor CAESAR AUGUSTUS

 strong government  unifying law code that could be updated and interpreted  good trade and transportation (roads for army)  could become citizen by enlisting in the army STRENGTHS OF EMPIRE

 a few rich people and many poor people  slaves were unnecessary due to cheap labor, but showed status  boys were taught in schools  Roman emperor was the head of the religion  gladiators were entertainment ROMAN SOCIETY

 Aqueducts  Galen’s medical knowledge  Ptolemy’s theory of astronomy (geocentric) TECHNOLOGIES

FALL OF ROME

 Roman emperor that split the empire into east and west  drove out barbarians  tried to impose wage and price controls DIOCLETIAN

 money loses its value while prices continue to rise  countries unstable because their international standing decreases (they can get less stuff) INFLATION

 Germanic invaders  lack of expansion (no additional flow of money)  political and military weakness  social change (apathy toward the government) DECLINE OF ROME