Ancient civilizations: Connecting the 8 themes of world history Introduce the lesson

Review: 8 themes of history Geography Art & Leisure Technology & Innovation Religion & Philosophy Communication Trade & Economy Government Conflict & War Just review and name off the 8 themes of world history

General learner outcomes The goal of today’s lesson… Linking & Connections GLO #1 – Self-Directed Learner GLO #3 – Complex Thinker GLO #4 – Quality Producer Emphasis the goal of today’s lesson  Linking & Connections! GLO’s that will help us accomplish this goal today. GLO #1 – Self-Directed Learner The ability to be responsible for one’s own learning. You need to be accountable for your own learning. This means taking your own notes and engaging the material GLO #3 – Complex Thinker The ability to demonstrate critical thinking and problem solving We will address this GLO today by using our critical thinking skills to build connections between themes. Use our critical thinking to understand common themes and occurrences across different ancient civilizations Understanding cause and effect. How certain themes influence the outcomes of connected themes. Example Religion  Art

Note taking Take out your presentation note sheet You already have this information! Go through your notes and make the connections Example: Ancient Egypt Innovation & Technology Pyramids  Religion Point out that this is not new material, all of the material has been presented by peers. The lesson is using the research students presented and the purpose is to begin making connections between themes You do not need to copy down all the notes but should pay attention because it is prep for the test.

GEOGRAPHY Physical geography  Mountains, Rivers, Deserts, etc. Physical geography influences… Religion Innovation & Technology Trade & Economy Art & Leisure etc… Physical Geography (features)  mountains, rivers, deserts, etc. Any other examples of physical geography that your civilization had to deal with? Swamps, flooding, etc. Introduce the other themes physical geography influences… Religion Innovation & Technology Trade & Economy Art & Leisure Much more… ask students for additional responses for themes influenced by geography?

Geography: Hawaii Questions to ask: Does the physical geography of Hawaii influence our trade and economy? Purchasing goods online? How long does it take? Is it easy to reach the mainland? What travel options do we have? How does our physical geography influence our art and leisure? What are some leisure activities people often associate with living in Hawaii ex: going to the beach, surfing, fishing, etc. How does our physical geography influence innovation and technology? Climate? Does it impact our dress? Just above the equator, less notable seasons, warmer weather (Leisure)

Geography: Hawaii How does geography influence our trade and economy? Art & Leisure? What are some activities people associate with living in Hawaii? How does the physical geography of Hawaii influence innovation & technology? Think of recent events… Living in Hawaii due to our geographic location we are susceptible to unique natural occurrences such as tsunami’s We have developed technology that helps protect us in such events Buoys, sirens, news casts, etc. Common trend across all civilizations… People develop innovation and technologies to manipulate or better deal with the effects of nature. Let’s look at some examples…

Geography: Incas Ancient Mayan City  Macchu Pichu (recently restored) Andes mountain range  harsh conditions 1) Notice the terrace’s carved into the mountainside to allow for agriculture (potatoes, corn, etc.)

Geography  Innovation: Incas Geography influences Trade & Economy and Innovation & Technology Terrace farming (Human Modification) Terrace farming: Allows for agriculture on hillsides (imagine  giant staircase) Controls soil erosion – slows the rate of surface water down the slope Archaeologist continue to study ancient Incan agricultural practices today Human modification (covered by Mr. O in Geography PPT) Question: Why do humans seek to modify the natural environment?

Geography  Trade: Incas Constructed bridges across mountain gorges Impacted Trade & Economy Ancient Incas used the fibers of the maguey plant and weaved the fibers to construct the bridges. Relate to raffia fiber that you can get at a local craft store. Incas used these bridges for trade (moving food & supplies) and troop movement (military) Bridges were replaced roughly every two years Attached to large rocks on each end

Geography  Religion: Greece Mount Olympus 12 Greek Gods 12 Gods – Mount Olympus Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Hera, Ares / Aris, Athena, Apollo, Aphrodite, Hermes, Artemis, Hephaestus Relate height to being closer to the gods… Remember Mayan pyramids were also built towards the sky.

Geography: Egypt – Nile River - Irrigation Art & Leisure Trade & Economy Mayans & Japan – Irrigation Systems India – Himalayan Mt. Range, Ganges & Indus Rivers Question: Could someone tell what irrigation is? Why is irrigation important? Irrigation  the watering of land by artificial means to foster plant growth ^ example of how humans manipulated / altered the natural environment Egypt & India used the available waterways to transport goods and built civilizations in close proximity to the water. Nile also served as a source for leisure and recreation. Nile flooding provided rich soil  silt Himalayas to the North of India, provided protection. Mt. Everest (highest mt.)

Egyptian irrigation Example of Trade & Economy: allowed Egyptians to produce food and goods Dug out small canals that allowed water to flow into agricultural fields Humans innovating new technologies to manipulate the physical environment to meet their needs.

Religion  Government Aztec Empire Emperor also served as High Priest Emperor’s offered blood as self-sacrifice Egyptians Pharaohs  living gods, led rituals and constructed temples / pyramids High Priest Incas, Mayans & India Re-cap  already had the connection between geography & religion in Mt. Olympus Religious beliefs played a major role in government and how rulers maintained power over people… would you challenge a ruler that you believed to be in contact with the gods? Aztecs  Emperor and high ranking officials also served as priests (Per.3) Emperors blood most valuable in terms of sacrifice Egypt  Pharaohs – living gods (half man and half god) (half-bloods?), led rituals and constructed temples and pyramids in honor of gods. Always dressed in ceremonial clothing Recognized as high priest Incas  Emperor was direct descendant of gods (Per.1) India  Believed that king communicated with gods (Per.3) Mayans  Kings and priests feared due to communication with gods (Per.3)

Religion  Tech. & Innov. Egypt  Pyramids Housed the mummified bodies of Pharaohs Wooden rollers to construct pyramids Mayans  Pyramids Built towards the sky Calendar used to determine dates of sacrifice

Egyptian Pyramid Great Pyramid of Giza (Pharaoh Khufu) Khufu’s pyramid largest of the 3 Pyramids of Giza How tall? ~ 450-480 feet How many blocks of stone? ~ 2,300,000 limestone blocks How much did a block weigh? ~ 2 ½ tons (1 ton ~ 2,000 lbs) When was it built? ~ 2560 BCE How many people built it? ~ thousands of slave laborers Question: How did the Ancient Egyptians manage to build the pyramids?

Pyramid  Innov. & Tech. Hard labor, called for thousands of workers Largely made of limestone blocks Draw the wooden roller method on the white board to show students Relate slave labor to Government and Pharaoh (ruler)

Religion  Art & Leisure How does religion influence art? (Period 1 came up with) Statues Pottery Paintings Architecture Rituals / Songs

Religion  Art & Leisure What is the common denominator?

Religion  Art & Leisure Common Denominator? Polytheism (multiple gods) & Animism (religion rooted in nature)

Religion  Art & Leisure The Great Buddha of Kamakura, Japan

Religion  Art & Leisure Chinese Buddha in Honghe

Religion  Art & Leisure Buddha from region recognized as modern day Nepal Why does the image of Buddha change across different cultures / civilizations? Topic you will tackle next semester… introducing the term now. Cultural diffusion  term used to describe the spread of cultural ideas and beliefs from the core (origin). Direct diffusion  occurs when cultures are close together, constant contact. Forced diffusion  occurs when one culture defeats another culture.

Egyptians  Hieroglyphics Mayans  Hieroglyphics Inca  Pictographs Art  Communication Egyptians  Hieroglyphics Mayans  Hieroglyphics Inca  Pictographs Japan  Calligraphy Hieroglyphics same as pictographs Define pictogram / pictographs  conveys meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object Define ideograms / ideographs  graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept

Egyptian Hieroglyphics 2nd picture  Hieroglyphics on Karnak Temple (shows gods) Animals  owl, hawks, snakes (cobra), scarab beetles

Japanese Calligraphy Influenced by Chinese writing arrived in japan 6th century.

Art  Conflict & War Pharaoh on chariot found in tombs King Tutankhamen – Pharaohs commonly shown on chariots slaying wild game or enemy soldiers

Conflict & War  Innov. & Tech. Greece Chariots, Trojan Horse, Ballista Japan Katana (samurai sword), Yari (spear) Mayans Mayan Club Definition for innovation  The introduction of something new  a new idea, method, or device… Trojan War ~ 1200 BCE Greeks created the Trojan Horse (hallow) filled with soldiers. Odysseus and soldiers hid in the horse, fleet sailed away. At night, after the Trojans partied and drank, Greek warriors slipped out and slaughtered the Trojans.

Greek ballista Ballista’s served to launch large projectiles… think an extremely large bow & arrow. Siege weapon to attack fortified locations

Worksheet: linking the themes Fill out name, period and date Read the example List your Ancient Civilization Link the theme you presented with a connecting theme (Theme 2) Read and complete the assignment Select another Ancient Civilization From that civilization select two themes Link Theme 3 to Theme 4