Mr. Bermudez

 Hominids: use tools, language, complex social structures  Australopithecus: “The southern ape” ◦ AL-288-1codename “Lucy” ◦ Bipedal ◦ 500 cranium capacity (modern human: 1400 cc)

 Homo Erectus: “upright walking human” ◦ 1000 cranium capacity ◦ Control of fire ◦ Complex ideas  Homo Sapiens: “consciously thinking human” ◦ Largest Brain, frontal regions-conscious, reflective ◦ Sophisticated Tools ◦ Flexible Language

 Before 12,000 BCE  People were nomadic: moving around, hunting game, extinction of certain mammals.  No landed nobility: little social stratification  Social equality for women

 Natufian society ◦ Israel and Jordan ◦ Wild wheat, herding  Jomon society ◦ Japan ◦ Wild buckwheat, fishing  Chinook society ◦ Pacific northwest (Oregon) ◦ Berries, acorns, salmon runs

 Neander valley, western Germany  200,000 to 35,000 years ago  Ritual Burial  Inhabited same regions as Homo Sapiens

 12,000-8,000 BCE  People begin to settle into communities  Reliance on cultivation for substinence  Civilization begins to emerge

 Çatal Hüyük ◦ B.C.E. ◦ Turkey ◦ Pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone, metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beads, and jewelry

 Land becomes owned  Leads to social distinctions and class structures  People become wealthy and lead society