Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 1 Core Concept 7-1 Human memory is an information processing system that works constructively (active interpretation).

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Presentation transcript:

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Core Concept 7-1 Human memory is an information processing system that works constructively (active interpretation).

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Memory Factors attention interested emotional arousal similar previous experiences. rehearsal

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon EncodingStorage Access and Retrieval Memory’s Three Basic Functions

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon EncodingStorage Access and Retrieval Information modified to fit preferred format Memory’s Three Basic Functions

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon EncodingStorage Access and Retrieval Retention of encoded material over time Memory’s Three Basic Functions

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon EncodingStorage Access and Retrieval Location and recovery of information from memory Memory’s Three Basic Functions

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Core Concept 7-2 Three stages of memory work together to transform sensory experiences into memories.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon The Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Brief sensory impressions of stimuli

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Briefly holds recent experiences also called short-term memory or STM

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Working Memory Techniques Maintenance Rehearsal-info is repeated over and over to keep it in STM. Chunking-info grouped into smaller number of meaningful units. Elaborative rehearsal-info is actively reviewed and related to info already in LTM

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon The Three Stages of Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Stores material according to meaning, also called LTM

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Components of LTM

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Declarative Memories Semantic Memories-facts or knowledge Episodic Memories-events or personal experiences

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Procedural Memory

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Eidetic Imagery “Photographic memory” Especially clear and persistent memory Rare (more in children) Can be a curse

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Flashbulb Memories an exceptionally clear LTM a meaningful and emotional event some are personal (death of a loved one, graduation, etc.) some are common to others (9-11, JFK, etc.)

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon JFK Assassinated in Dallas, 1963

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Jack Ruby Kills Oswald

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon September 11, 2001

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon O.J. Found Not Guilty, 9/26/95

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Biological Basis of Long-Term Memory Engram–physical trace of memory Consolidation-biochemical process of changing STM into LTM. Location in Brain-Hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex involved.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Core Concept 7-3 Whether memories are implicit or explicit, successful retrieval depends on how they were encoded and how they are cued. (Skip this one.)

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Core Concept 7-4 Most of our memory problems arise from memory’s “seven sins”--which are really by-products of otherwise adaptive features of human memory.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Memory Failures Memory problems such as forgetting are bothersome but also keep us from being overwhelmed with information no longer needed.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon #1 Transience Memories not permanent but weaken with time.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon #2 Absent-mindedness Forgetting caused by lapses in attention.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon #3 Blocking Occurs when a memory cannot be accessed. “Tip-of-the-tongue” Caused by interference. One memory blocks another.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Interference Proactive Interference--previously stored info prevents remembering new info. Retroactive Interference--new info prevents retrieval of previously stored material.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Interference

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Interference

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Interference Serial position Effect Items in middle of sequence less well remembered than first or last items.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon #4 Misattribution Memories are retrieved but associated with the wrong time, place, or person. Caused by reconstructive nature of memory. Can cause people to believe mistakenly that other people’s ideas are their own.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Mistaken Eyewitness Identification Lenell Geter was convicted of armed robbery and sentenced to life in prison in He was 50 miles away in Greenville Tx. where he worked as an engineer. He had been at the robbed establishment earlier in the week, buying chicken.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Misattribution Dr. Park Dietz testified in the Andrea Yates trial that she had seen an episode of Law and Order that dealt with a mother killing her children and then being found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Plagiarism by George Harrison

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon #5 Suggestibility Memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Eyewitness Accuracy Memory of witnessing a crime can be influenced by asking questions that suggest facts of the crime. Can be deliberate or unintentional.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Fabricated Memories Can be created by suggestibility. Credible suggestions led to college students claiming to remember bogus events.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Recovered Memory Controversy Suggestions during therapy can cause patients to remember child sexual abuse that did not actually occur.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon #6 Bias Beliefs, attitudes, and opinions influence memories. Example: memories of significant others influenced by present view of them. People currently displeased with a romantic relationship tend to remember negative relationship events in the past.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon #7 Persistence Unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind. A painful blunder on the job or a failed attempt at something new. Shows powerful effect of emotions. Seen in depression and phobias.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Improving Memory

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Improving Memory Establish why you need to remember something. Focus your attention on the information. Group the information. Connect new information with your existing knowledge. Use new material in a meaningful context. Use mnemonics. Actively rehearse the information frequently.

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Techniques for making connections between new material and LTM

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Mnemonics Method of Loci--associating items with a sequence of familiar physical locations. Acronym--use of letters and a silly sentence or a rhyme

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Mnemonic Example

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Mnemonic Example

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon CORAL V. KING SNAKE

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon