TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 3 Learning and training Presented by MALIHA PARACHA 2579

Levels of Processing Theory It is the depth of processing which determines how much a stimulus is remembered The greater the processing of information during learning, the more it will be remembered. Theory says that remembering depends on how information is encoded. It is the depth of processing which determines how much a stimulus is remembered The greater the processing of information during learning, the more it will be remembered. Theory says that remembering depends on how information is encoded.

Three Types Of Memory Memory processes Sensory memory do not pay attention, information is forgotten information is automatically transferred into short-term memory 2. Short-term memory do not pay attention information is not encoded and is forgotten 3. Long-term memory encoded information will remain on a relatively permanent basis

Mathematical Learning Theory Mathematical learning theory is an attempt to describe and explain behaviour in quantitative terms. Best learning performance can be achieved by giving each individual sufficient time to learn.

Mathematical Problem Solving Theory Understanding and teaching mathematics Should be appropriate as a problem solving domain Problem solving develops “mathematical power”. Successful solution of mathematics problems depends up on a combination of resource:- -resource knowledge -heuristics -control processes -belief

Minimalism Theory Is a framework for the design of instruction, especially training resources for computer users. Minimalist theory emphasizes the essential to build upon the learning experience. Minimalist theory is based upon studies of people learning to use a various range of computer applications including word processing, databases, and programming.

Model-Centered Instruction and Design Layering Theory MCI is a set of principles to guide instructional designers in selecting and arranging design constructs. A layered instructional design see the total design problem in term of many individual sub-problems. The theory of model-centered instruction is based on the assumption that the purpose of instruction is to help learners construct knowledge about objects and events in their environment.

PRINCIPLES 1. Experience: The learner will have in the process of gaining the new knowledge. 2. Problem solving: A critical component of MCI is focused on the use of problems to motivate the learner to understand. 3. Denaturing: Is the process of distilling large, abstract concepts and building appropriately sized models. 4. Sequence: Focuses on the order in which the problems and models are presented to the learner. 5. Goal orientation: Understanding of both the learner's goals and the designer's goals along performance AND strategic dimensions. 6. Resourcing : The learner needs to be provided with appropriate access to the needed resources. 7. Instructional augmentation: The provision of needed support for the learner during the learning process.

Modes of Learning Theory There are three modes of learning: 1.Accretion - addition of new knowledge to exiting memory. 2. Structuring - involves the formation of new conceptual structures. 3.Tuning - adjustment of knowledge to a specific task through practice.

Multiple Intelligence Theory The theory of multiple intelligences suggests that teachers be trained to present their lessons in a wide variety of ways using music, cooperative learning, art activities, and role play

Gardner proposes seven primary forms 1.Linguistic -Ability to use language effectively -Enjoy reading, writing and telling stories -Good memories for words.

Cont… 2. Musical –Frequently aware of an emotional response to music. 3. Logical-Mathematical –Thinks logically, uses numbers effectively. –Likes numerical problem solving.

Cont.. 4. Visio-Spatial –graphical representations, maps and charts etc... –Designers and artists are often good in this area. 5. Bodily-Kinesthetic –Crafts people, dancers, surgeons etc. –Use their bodies to convey ideas or emotions.

Cont.. 6. Intrapersonal -Ability to correctly know one’s self. 7. Interpersonal -ability to respond to others

THANK YOU