Warm-up: Oct. 5 Use your notes and/or textbook and add NEW INFO. To your essential vocabulary terms: Chromosome Mitosis Diploid Meiosis Haploid

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction Disadvantages, Advantages, and Types

Asexual Reproduction What is it? Production of individuals WITHOUT gametes Result is a GENETICALLY IDENTICAL offspring, same chromosome number.

Why Asexual Reproduction? Benefits Need one individual to reproduce Takes less energy All offspring are genetically identical which is “good” if environment is stable, No Dramatic changes Everybody is producing offspring including males More efficient at passing genes, faster

Why NOT asexual reproduction? Consequences: Organisms are Genetically identical, Clones No recombination or exchange of genes between parents An asexual population tends to be genetically boring, EVERYBODY IS THE SAME.

Types of Asexual Reproduction 1. Binary Fission- a one-celled organism divides by mitosis to form two daughter cells of equal size. Organisms: Bacteria and Protist

Types of Asexual Reproduction 2. Vegetative Propagation- a part of a plant (a root, stem, or leaf) grows into a new plant. Organism: Plants and Fungi

Types of Asexual Reproduction 3. Spore Formation- spores are specialized asexual reproductive cells that contain an entire set of DNA and a small amount of cytoplasm. Each spore can develop into a new organism. Organisms: Some Plants, Fungi, and Bacteria

Types of Asexual Reproduction 4. Budding- a new organism develops as an outgrowth of the parent. Organisms: Animals (Hydra and Sponges) and Fungi

Types of Asexual Reproduction 5. Regeneration- is the development of a new organism from a part of the parent organism. Organism: Some Animals (Hydra, Sea Stars, and Flat Worms)

Sexual Reproduction Production of individuals with gametes Combining of DNA Meiosis produces the Gametes for Fertilization (Conjugation) in Animals Pollination in Plants

Advantages to Sexual Reproduction 1. Offspring are genetically unique due to crossing over and random combination of gametes. 2. Favourable when environment is unstable, dramatic change occurs. 3. Slower rate of reproduction but faster when evolving (changing overtime) 4. Lower extinction rates 5. Due to parents exchanging genes, there is a fast removal of bad mutations or can put two beneficial mutations together

Disadvantages to Sexual Reproduction 1. Need two parents, so they “must expend energy” to find, identify (court), and copulate with mate 2. Taking the time to exchange genes is counter productive if conditions are stable 3. Only half the individuals are producing offspring- (Males are an energy issue) 4. Slower at passing on genes 5. “Cost of recombination or exchanging genes ”-a favourable combination of genes can be broken

Warm-up: Oct. 8, 2012 Get out your common assessment 3 review guide.

Animal Cell

Organelle Function Mitochondrion: Produces ATP for the Cell, Cell Respiration Ribosome: Protein Synthesis Nucleolus: Makes Ribosomes Nucleus: Holds the DNA, Control Center of the Cell Vacuole: Used for Storage of Water (Large in Plants) Chloroplast: Photosynthesis, Plants make their own food.

Cell Membrane Regulates what goes in and out of the Cell

Plant vs. Animal cell Plant CellAnimal Cell

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic ProkaryoticEukaryotic

Cell Membrane Regulates what goes in and out of the Cell

Passive Transport From High to Low, You Go with the Flow. The Cell Uses NO ENERGY Diffusion: Movement of small molecules from High to Low Concentration Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of LARGE molecules from High to Low Concentration through a transport protein Osmosis: Movement of WATER from High to Low Concentration

Active Transport From Low to High; You must BUY! The Cell uses ENERGY! Endocytosis Exocytosis

The Cell Cycle

Interphase: G1: Growth S(ynthesis): DNA replication G2: Growth and Extra Organelles are made (Getting Ready for Mitosis) Prophase: Chromosomes Appear, Centriole move to opposite ends, Nuclear Membrane disappears Metaphase: Chromosomes in the Middle Anaphase: Chromosomes pulled Apart Telophase: Two Nuclei Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm Splits

Cytokinesis in Plant Cells

Meiosis Meiosis I Interphase→ Cell Growth & DNA Replication Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I & Cytokinesis→ 2 Cells

Meiosis Meiosis II Interphase II→ Growth Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II & Cytokinesis: 4 Haploid Cells

Mitosis vs Meiosis Mitosis Somatic Cells/ Body Cells 1 Division 2 Daughter Cells Daughter Cells: Diploid Daughter Cells: Identical Asexual Reproduction Meiosis Sex Cells/ Gametes/ Reproductive Cells/ Germ Cells 2 Divisions Daughter Cells: Haploid Daughter Cells: Genetically Different/Genetic Variation Sexual Reproduction

Human Cells Human Body Cells: 46 chromosomes Human Sex Cells: 23 Chromosomes