AP Chapter 12

 Early trade dealt with home production and the barter system  Skilled craftsmen's controlled the manufacturing of goods and apprenticeships  Women were excluded from the skilled work  Men were heads of the family and controlled everything  Social order was based on rank and status

 rapid improvements in transportation across the U.S.  National Road built in 1808 and connected Cumberland, MD and Vandalia, IL  Erie Canal “Clinton’s Ditch” created by DeWitt Clinton connected NYC to the Great Lakes  364 miles long, cost $7 million and 3,000 Irish workers completed the canal in 1825

 First ship traveled at 4 mph's  Towns along the canal became instant cities and grew in wealth  $200 million was invested in canals from 1820 to 1840  Robert Fulton demonstrated the first steamboat in 1807 which transformed trade along the Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio Rivers

 RR’s drastically grew from 1830 to 1860  Gauges varied from place to place and slowed transportation  1850s consolidation increased trade  Early transportation was dangerous  New transportation increased growth and created a national identity

 Rapid improvements in transportation, commercialization, and industrialization led to the Market Revolution  John Jacob Astor made a fortune in the fur trade and eventual real estate in NYC  Francis Cabot Lowell made a fortune in the cotton mill  Northerners dominated the ship building, banks, trade and financial services

 Goods made in home under the supervision of a merchant who put out the raw materials and then sold finished goods on the open markets  Workers were paid on piece work basis and set the stages of larger factories  Merchant capitalist now controlled the production of goods

 Farmers were now able to farm larger areas  Improvements in transportation made it easier for goods to get to the market  Regions began specializing in certain goods  Farmers often moved onto different areas hoping to make it big  John Deere’s cutting plow and Cyrus McCormick's reaper allowed farmers to plant and harvest crops faster

 Francis Lowell visited textile mills in England in 1810 and brought the model to Massachusetts  Lowell and mechanic Paul Moody invented the power loom which made the manufacturing of cloth easier  Lowell opened the worlds first integrated cotton mill in Waltham, MA

 Lowell, MA was built and the entire town relied on the integrated mills  Most other mills were smaller and ran by a family that everybody worked  American System of manufactures led to the rise of interchangeable parts or mass production  Mass production lowered the value of goods

 Samuel Colt used interchangeable parts for his gun factory  Isaac Singers sewing machine also used interchangeable parts  Rise in production led to specialization in labor  Garment industry rose in NYC and was dominated by women  Factory workers adjusted to having to work by a clock

 People’s time was divided into work and leisure  Boxing, horse racing, baseball and plays became popular  Economy went from a barter to cash trade  Rural women workers went on strike first to protest wage cuts and long hours  Most early strikes were unsuccessful

 Society was divided into upper, middle and working class with social mobility  2 nd Great Awakening new evangelistic religious spirit emerged based on personal faith  Middle Class families went from 7 to 5 kids by 1860  Family planning and surgical abortions occurred

 Popularized by Ralph Waldo Emerson which was a belief in romantic philosophical theory transcending ordinary life  Henry David Thoreau pushed the implications of individualism  Both ideas helped the middle class forge values and values for their social roles

 Technological changes greatly altered the north and the role of the family  Improvements in transportation greatly impacted the economy  Lowell Mills demonstrated the early stages of industrialization.