Zoology An Introduction

Zoology Study of animals In this class- Important Kingdoms- Protista- some animallike organisms considered to be evol. precursors to animals ANIMALIA- are ANIMALS Latin “zoa” or “zoo”- means animal

Kingdom Protista Single celled Eukaryotic Ingest or produce food Some animallike

What is an Animal? Are members of Kingdom Animalia Are multicellular Are Eukaryotic Are Heterotrophs Lack cell walls Usually have a method of movement Most reproduce sexually Require oxygen

What is an Animal? Multicellular: Having more than one cell Eukaryotic: Organisms whose cell contain a nucleus Heterotroph: Organisms that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer.

Important Latin roots Cyte= cell taxon=unit Zoa or zoo= animal omy= lar/rules Demo= people nomen=name Epi=on or on top clature=system Coel=cavity pori=pore Oid=like fera= to have or bear Ation= to form cephala=head Homologous= similar in origin

2 Types of Animals Invertebrates: Animals that do not have a backbone or a vertebral column Vertebrates: Animals that has a vertebral column, or backbone

What Animals Do to Survive Animals carry out the following essential functions: 1. Feed 2. Respire 3. Circulation 4. Excrete 5. Respond 6. Move 7. Reproduce

Essential Functions Feeding: Animals feed in a large variety of ways. Carnivore: Eats meat ONLY Herbivore: Eats plants ONLY Omnivore: Eats meat & plants Detritivore: Feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter called detritus (Includes poop).

Essential Functions: Feeding Continued Some animals form symbiotic relationships. Symbiosis: Is the relationship in which two species live closely together a. Mutualism b. Commensalism c. Parasitism

Essential Functions: Feeding Continued a. Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship.

Essential Functions: Feeding Continued b. Commensalism: Symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Barnacles on a Whale

Essential Functions: Feeding Continued c. Parasitism: Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism and harms it.

Essential Functions Respiration: Whether they live in water or on land, all animals respire, which means they take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. Some can rely on diffusion of these substances through their skin Most have evolved complex tissues and organ systems for respiration

Essential Functions Circulation: Many aquatic animals (ex: aquatic worms) rely solely on diffusion to transport oxygen & waste. Larger animals have some kind of circulatory system to move materials around within their bodies.

Essential Functions Excretion: A primary waste produce of cellular metabolism is ammonia, a poisonous substance that contains nitrogen. A buildup of ammonia & other wastes would kill an animal Animals have excretory system that either eliminates ammonia quickly or converts it into a less toxic substance that is removed from the body.

Essential Functions Response: Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells called nerve cells. Nerve cells hook up together to form a nervous system Some nerve cells are receptors that respond to sound, light, and other stimuli The arrangement of nerve cells in the body changes dramatically from phylum to phylum

Essential Functions Movement: Some live their entire lives attached to a single spot. Most are motile meaning that they move

Essential Functions Reproduction: Most reproduce sexually by producing gametes. Maintains genetic diversity in populations Helps species evolve when the environment changes Many reproduce asexually & allows to increase numbers rapidly (inverts.)

Describe the Body Plans of Animals 1. Symmetry: balance in body proportions 3 Types Bilateral: can be divided only one way to produce mirror image halves Asymmetrical- Irregular shape Radial symmetry: can be divided along any plane to produce 2 halves which look alike

Asymmetrical: Has no definite shape. Symmetry Asymmetrical: Has no definite shape.

Symmetry Radial Symmetry: Body is arranged in a circle like the spokes of a wheel.

Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry: If divided lengthwise in half, both sides will match.

Bilateral Symmetry Have external body parts that repeat on Includes worms, insects & vertebrates Have external body parts that repeat on either side of the body

What type of symmetry?

Bilateral Symmetry Anterior End = Front End Posterior End = Back End Dorsal Side = Upper Side Ventral Side = Lower Side

2. Body arrangements: anterior: head region(front on upright man) b. posterior: tail region (back on upright man) c. dorsal: back or top d. ventral: abdomen(belly) or bottom

Anatomical Terms (cont) Medial - close to the middle Lateral Close to the side or movement away from middle Distal Away from the main part Proximal Close to the main part

Anatomical Terms (cont) Oral End with the mouth Aboral Opposite end of the mouth Cephalic Toward head Caudal Toward tail

As embryo develops, three germ layers form: 3. Body Development As embryo develops, three germ layers form: a. Ectoderm  becomes nervous system, epidermis of the skin, pituitary, lens of eye b. Mesoderm  becomes muscles, skeleton, notochord, circulatory system, kidney, reproductive system c.  Endoderm  becomes lining of digestive tract, liver, pancreas, epithelial lining of lungs, many endocrine glands

a. Acoelomates- no body cavity lined with mesoderm 4. Body Cavities a. Acoelomates- no body cavity lined with mesoderm EX: sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms

b. Pseudocoelomates- partial body cavity lined with mesoderm “Tube within a tube” body plan EX: roundworms

c. Coelomates- true body cavity lined with mesoderm EX: all other animals

Advantages of a body cavity (coelom or pseudocoelom): Fluid in cavity helps distribute food, wastes, hormones, etc. from one end of animal to the other Better distribution allows animal to grow larger A place to put things, like new organs

Cephalization-concentration of sense organs- developed nervous system  

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM OVERVIEW Invertebrates-no backbone Vertebrates or Chordates-backbone

Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes Zygote cleaves to become blastula and then forms gastrula. The blastopore of the gastrula can become either the mouth or the anus of the organism Protostome- Blastopore becomes the mouth. Ex-Annelids, Mollusks and arthropods Deuterostome- Blastopore becomes anus. Ex-Chordates

Embryonic Development Protostome Blastopore becomes mouth Deuterostome Blastopore becomes anus

The End