Chapter 3: Scientific Measurement 3.1: Measurements and Their Uncertainty

I. Types of Measures A. Qualitative: descriptive data, non-numerical B. Quantitative: definite data in number form Write down two qualitative and two quantitative measurements you could make about your own hand.

II. Scientific Notation Put these into scientific notation: 680 = = =

III. Using your Calculator A. To perform calculations using scientific notation, you need to use the EE, EXP, or x10 x button. B. For 3.5x10 3, you type 3.5E 3 Do not multiply by 10!

IV. Accuracy, Precision, Error A. _____________: how close measurement is to actual value B. ______________: how close measurements are to each other (______________) C. Error: Numerical difference between _________ and ______________ value D. Percent error: (______/______________) x 100

V. Are They Accurate or Precise?

VI. Uncertainty in Measurements A. Measurements always have some amount of ___________ based on the ___________________ B. Correct measurements always have ___________ “__________ ___________”

VII. Significant Figures A. Numbers that tell us important information B. Rules: Underline Sig. Figs. Below 1.All non-zero #’s[ ] 2.Zeros between non-zero[202000] 3.Zeros behind numbers[ ] (if any decimal is visible ) 4. Exactly defined #’shave infinite sig. figs. (ex. 60 minutes in a hour)

VIII. Sig. Figs. In Calculations A. Addition/ Subtraction: round answer to least __________________ in problem Ex = ________ rounded to __________ B. Multiplication/ Division: round answer to least ____________________ in problem Ex x 5.5 = ________ rounded to _______

3.2 International System of Units

I. Units of A. SI: International System of Units, _______, _____________ ___________________________ B. ___________ indicate size of measurement C. Kilo: _______, Centi: ______, Milli: __________ D. Length: distance, measured in ___________ (___)

II. Units of A. Volume: space occupied by __________ B. Measured in _________ (__) or ________ (___) C. __________ used when calculating volume by ______ x ______ x ________

III. Units of A. Mass: amount of matter, _______ (__) B. Weight: force of __________________

IV. Units of Temperature A. Definition: degree of hotness or coldness B. Temp. Scales –I. _________ (__): freezing pt. water at _____, boiling pt. at _______ –II. ________ (__): 273 degrees more than ___________, set by absolute zero (_______) –III. __________ = ____________ Galileo Thermometer

V. Units of Energy A. Energy: capacity to _______ or _____________ B. Units are __________ (_____) or ________ (__) 1 ____ = __ Food Calories are actually kilocalories (1000x bigger)!

3.3 Conversion Problems

I. Conversion Factors A. Ratio of equal measurements Ex. 12 inches = 1 foot, 60 seconds = 1 minute B. In metric system one measurement will usually be “________” (_______, ______, _______, etc.) other will have ________ 1 meter = 100 centimeters

II. Unit Cancellation (“Cross Method”) 1. Make cross 2. Given info. on top left 3. Desired unit at end of cross 4. Starting unit in bottom right (to cancel) 5. Corresponding unit on top right 6. Enter numbers to make conversion factor 7. Multiply #’s on top, divide on bottom

III. Complex Units A. Ratio units (________________________) B. Need to change one or both units C. Use __________ of cross for ____________ unit D. Ex. 20 miles/hour  miles/minute

3.4: Density

I. Determining Density A. Density: _________________ B. SI units are _____________ or ________________ C. Density ___________ as temp. ______________ D. _______ is exception, ____ less dense than ____________