EMERGY & ENERGY SYSTEMS Session 1 Short Course for ECO Interns, EPA and Partners

Topics Introduced Energy/ecology/systems Energy language systems diagrams Fundamental emergy concepts Emergy evaluations Emergy and economics Evaluating tangibles Evaluating information Ratios and interpretations Scale and boundary definition Spatial emergy concepts Emergy as decision tool Comprehensive state and regional evaluations State and regional case studies

GOALS Diagram a complex system network using energy systems language symbols Aggregate diagram to answer a question Identify data required for evaluation Understand conversion of raw data into kinetic or potential energy amounts Understand theory of emergy ratios and how to choose the right one

Energy and Ecology Hierarchy and concentration Natural patterns Thermodynamic Laws Measurement: heat, work Flows and forces Available, free, dispersed energy Limiting factors and interactions Maximum power principle Goals for this unit

Hierarchy Food Chains and Pyramid Charts

Carnivores Grazers Plants Sun More quantitative perspective

Hierarchy Food Chains and Pyramid Charts Think left to right

Hierarchy Heat Sink Entropy Dissipated Energy Less available energy Concentrated and able to do more work

Water,CO 2 Fertilizer Concentration O 2, H 2 O O 2, H 2 O

Concentration (1109) Producer Consumer Force Consumer

Patterns

Patterns - point source Wells Springs

Patterns - line source Coast Highway River

Patterns - Planar Sun Rain

Patterns – combined sources Point and line

Thermodynamic Laws First law of thermodynamics Law of Conservation The total energy of any system and its surroundings is conserved. –i.e.Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it changes from one form to another. dU =  Q -  W

Thermodynamic Laws The Second Law of Thermodynamics The entropy change of any system and its surroundings, considered together, resulting from any real process, is positive and approaches a limiting value of zero for any process that approaches irreversibility. dS = dQ rev /T; S = K*log(N) dS = dS system + dS surroundings

Forms of Energy light chemical mechanical heat electric atomic sound

Theoretical Energy Potential stored energy of position Gravitational PE grav = m*g*h Elastic PE spring = ½*k*x 2

Theoretical Energy Kinetic KE = ½*m*v 2 energy of motion vibrational rotational translational

Theoretical Energy Gibbs Free dG = d H –d(TS) G – G 0 = RT ln f i f 0 f i,0 = f(molarity of solutions)

Energy Terms Heat Temperature Work W = F(orce) x D(istance) x cos N How far does it move How hard to get it there

Energy Terms Power Rate at which work is done Power = work time

Energy Terms Units of measure Joule (J) – kg*m 2 /s 2 Newton (N) – kg*m/s 2 Kilowatt (kW) – 1000J/s

Energy and Ecology Terms Limiting factors Interactions Stress reactions

Maximum Power Principle Systems prevail that develop designs that maximize the flow of useful energy. Lotka, 1922 Autocatalytic feedback

Maximum Power Principle When energy inputs are low, no feedback or storage develops and energy is dispersed. No feedback or storage

Energy Conversion Dimensional analysis 1bbl oil x 42 gal x 1.26E5 BTU x 1055 J = 5.6E9 J bbl gal BTU

Dimensional analysis 1bbl oil x 42 gal x 1.26E5 BTU x 1055 J = 5.6E9 J bbl gal BTU x x

Dimensional analysis 1bbl oil x 42 gal x 1.26E5 BTU x 1055 J = 5.6E9 J bbl gal BTU x x x x

Dimensional analysis 1bbl oil x 42 gal x 1.26E5 BTU x 1055 J = 5.6E9 J bbl gal BTU x x x x x x

Energy Conversion Practice conversions using dimensional analysis 1.2E6 gal water to grams Average of 56 KW electricity every hour for one week to J 1.3 short ton bituminous coal to J 112 bushels cucumbers to J 100 lb fertilizer to grams P, grams N and grams K

Check Your Conversions Check mine, too 1.20E6 gal H 2 O x cm 3 x 1.00 gram H 2 O = 4.54E9 grams H 2 O U.S. gal cm 3 H 2 O 56.0 KW x 1 week x hours x 3.6E6 J = 3.4E10 J hr week KWH 1.3 tons x 2000 lb x 13,500 BTU x 1055 J = 3.7E10 J short ton lb bituminous BTU 112 bushels X 55 lb x 454 g x ( ) x (0.24*24 KJ *39 KJ *17KJ) x 1000J = 1.97E9 J bushel lb g g g KJ 100 lb fertilizer x 454 grams x 0.09g P 2 O 5 x 62 gmoles P = 1784 gP lb g fert. 142 gmoles P 2 O lb fertilizer x 454 grams x 0.1g N x = 4540 gN lb g fert. 100 lb fertilizer x 454 grams x 0.11g K 2 O x 78.2 gmoles K = 2750 gK lb g fert. 142 gmoles K 2 O