An Introduction to the stuff you will be learning this year.

Psychology What is it? Do our feelings always match our behaviors? If you call me stupid, I may feel sad or insecure But I will still act tough. (even though I will be crying on the inside, so be gentle).

Psychology’s History Prescientific Psychology – Socrates – Plato dualism - - some ideas – Aristotle monism - - knowledge results from memories of past experiences - mind is a

Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes – – Francis Bacon – John Locke – – Empiricism –

Psychology’s Early Debates 1.Mind and Body Connect v. Separate 2.Nature v. Nurture Innate v. Learned

Think Pair Share Which of the early thinkers of psychology do you think had the greatest effect on today’s psychology? Why?

History of Psychology Psychology has gone through 5 different historical eras or changes in how scientists view the mind and behavior…aka… Psychological Perspectives – a mental view of how scientists explain the mind and behavior

5 Historical Periods of Psychology 1.Introspection – Structuralism – Functionalism 2.Gestault 3.Psychoanalytic 4.Behaviorist 5.Biopsychosocial -

One: Introspection 2 schools - Structuralism and Functionalism Structuralism – – Explored structural elements » Introspection - to study inner sensations and mental images – Example:

IA: Structuralism – Wilhelm Wundt – Experiment: – G. Stanley Hall (Baltimore) – Edward Titchner (Cornell) Student of Wundt – Example:

IB: Functionalism Functionalism – – Emphasized the purpose or function of mental processes added the importance of the environment Wm. James Mary Calkins Margaret Floy Washburn

Think Pair Share 1.With your table, discuss the limitations of “introspection” and explain why current psychological researchers would be unlikely to use introspection to gather data. 2.William James developed his theory of functionalism around the same time Charles Darwin was developing the theory of evolution. How do you think Darwin's theory influenced James' theory of functionalism?

Two: Gestalt Psychology Focused on human perceptions of the world – Led by Max Wertheimer = This may seem like one picture, but it can be perceived as 2 different faces. Can you find them? Rules for how we organize what we see

Three: Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis - Freud’s theory of personality development and also his treatment of disorders – Behavior is driven by Unconscious – defense mechanisms – tactics that reduce anxiety by distorting reality

Four: Behaviorism Behaviorism – Ignored Introspection and psychoanalysis and all mental process – Believe behavior is – Classical Conditioning – – Pavlov – experiments on dogs learning to salivate at sound of a bell – John B. Watson – experimented on “Little Albert learned that emotions (fear) can be learned – Operant Conditioning – voluntary learning B.F. Skinner – experimented on pigeons and rats, learned that animals learn from reinforcements and punishments – Observational Learning Bandura – animals learn by watching others

Five: Eclectic Biopsychosocial Approach We are now in the 5 th era.….which is about variety. Psychologists pick and choose what theories to use depending on the situation and the client. Kind of like a smorgasbord..lots of variety, you pick what you want to eat

Modern Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Levels of Analysis – Biological – Psychological – Social-cultural Biopsychosocial Approach - integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. Evaluates both

Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

Wave 5 -Biopsychosocial Approach is made up of 7 different perspectives. Psychologists today, pick and choose from about 7 schools or perspectives of thought to help you with your problems. Thus we have: THE SEVEN MODERN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Biopsychosocial Approach 7 MODERN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY 1.Biological/Neuroscience 2.Psychodynamic 3.Behaviorist 4.Cognitive 5.Evolutionary 6.Humanist 7.Social-Culture

1. Biopsychology (Neuroscience) Perspective – View of Mind and/or Behavior Biological basis – – To change behavior: Let us imagine for a second that your dog died (sad but it will happen). You become depressed. You stop eating and sleeping. What would a psychologist from this school say is going on and how might they help you?

2. Evolutionary Perspective View of Mind and/or Behavior: – – Over time, we adapt to our environment, we change – Based on the ideas of… How could this behavior ensured Homer’s ancestors survival?

3. Psychodynamic Perspective View of Mind and/or Behavior: To change behavior: If a man has intimacy issues and cannot form relationships with others. What do you think someone from this school may think?

4. Behavioral Perspective View of Mind and/or Behavior: – – No focus on mind. Why? To change behaviors: Pretend that you fail psychology class. You become depressed. In turn, you begin to binge and gain weight. What do you think a behaviorist may do?

5. Humanist Perspective View of Mind and/or Behavior: – – Our “ideal self” (the person we want to be) not matching our “actual-self” (the person we really are) – Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. To change behavior: – I possess the resources to grow

6. Cognitive Perspective View of Mind and/or Behavior To Change Behavior: You meet a girl… Hopes are high!!! She flat out rejects you… How do you react to the rejection?

7. Social-Cultural Perspective View of the Mind and/or Behavior: – Examples: To change behavior:

Examples of the Biopsychosocial Approach How would a psychologist approach someone who is obese and is having difficulty losing weight? What are some of the possible causes and solutions? mapid=55828&publishKey=AZEHRrq9Ti

Psychology’s Big Debate Nature Versus Nurture – Are our behaviors/traits influenced more by our genes (nature) or by our experiences (nurture) Examples

Fields of Psychology Applied V. Basic Research Applied Research – goal is to solve practical problems – Example: Basic Research – goal is to increase knowledge of field. – Example: Research on drug therapies to treat depression Theory that depression is caused by, among other things, chemical imbalances in the brain

Psychology’s Subfields Psychometrics – measurement of human abilities. – Ex. Creates aptitude tests like SAT, personality questionnaires Basic Research – research in psychology to increase our knowledge of the field. – Examples: Developmental psychology- change throughout the human life span (develop, grow, age) Educational psychology – how psych processes affect teaching and learning Personality psychology – individual traits Social psychology - how humans relate to one another

Psychology’s Subfields Applied Research – using what you’ve learned to help others – Examples Industrial/organizational psychology – Human factors psychology – Counseling psychology – Clinical psychology – Psychiatry – Community Psychology –

Psychology’s Subfields Applied Research – using what you’ve learned to help others – Examples Community Psychology Forensic Psychology School Psychology Sports Psychology