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2 INTERACTION AND INTERDEPENDENCE The scientific study of interactions among organism and between organisms and their environment is ____________ 1.The _____________ contains the combined portions of the planet in which all life exists. 2.The biosphere consists of ________, _________, and ______ or the atmosphere 3.Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of _____________ between organisms and the environment in which they live. ECOLOGY BIOSPHERE dependence LANDWATER AIR

3 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION WHAT ARE THE SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION THAT ECOLOGISTS STUDY? 1.Some ecologists study the interactions between a particular kind of organism and its _____________ contains the combined portions of the planet in which all life exists. This type of study is at the _______ level. Species are organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring. 2.Other ecologists study ___________, or groups of __________ that belong to the same species. surroundings. species populations individuals

4 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION WHAT ARE THE SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION THAT ECOLOGISTS STUDY? 3.At another level, ecologists study the _____________ or different populations that live together. 4.Some ecologists study a particular ecosystem. An _____________ is a collection of all the ______________ that live in a particular place, with their nonliving, or physical environment. communities ecosystem organisms

5 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION WHAT ARE THE SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION THAT ECOLOGISTS STUDY? 5.When ecologists study larger ecosystems, with the same climate and similar communities they are studying a _______. 6.The highest level of organization that ecologists can study is the _________ (i. e., from the bottom of the ocean to the top of the atmosphere. biome biosphere

6 ENERGY FLOW At the core of every organism’s interaction with its environment is its need for _______ to power life’s processes. PRODUCERS With out a constant input of energy, living systems cannot function. ________ is the main energy source for life on earth. some types of organisms rely on energy stored in inorganic ____________________. (Ex: mineral water that flows underground or boils out of hot springs and undersea vents is loaded with chemical energy. energy sunlight chemical compounds

7 ENERGY FLOW PRODUCERS Only plants, some algae and certain bacteria can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food. These organisms are called ___________ (producers). The best known __________ are those who harness solar energy through a process known as _______________. During photosynthesis, these autotrophs use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert _____________ and water into oxygen and energy- rich carbohydrates such as ________. autotrophs photosynthesis carbon dioxide glucose

8 ENERGY FLOW Life without Light When organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates, the process is called ______________. This process is performed by several types of bacteria ( i. e., which live in volcanic vents on the ocean floor, or hot springs in Yellow Stone Park). chemosynthesis

9 ENERGY FLOW CONSUMERS _____________ and many bacteria cannot harness energy directly from the physical environment as autotrophs do. Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply are called ____________. Heterotrophs are called __________. Animals, fungi heterotrophs consumers

10 ENERGY FLOW PRODUCERS There are many different types of heterotrophs. ____________ = plant eaters (cows and caterpillars) ____________ = animal eaters (snakes or owls) ____________ = plant and animal eaters (human and bears) ____________ = feed on plants and animal remains (mites and earth worms) _______________ = break down organic matter. herbivores carnivores omnivores detrivores decomposers

11 ENERGY FLOW FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS What happens to energy in an eco system when one organism eats another? Energy flows through an ___________ in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to __________ and then to various ____________. ecosystem autotrophs heterotrophs

12 ENERGY FLOW FOOD CHAINS The _______ stored by producers can be passed through an ecosystem along the __________, a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. FOOD WEBS When the _______ relationships among the various organisms in an eco system form a network full of complex interactions, ecologists describe these relationships as a ________. energy food chain feeding food web

13 ENERGY FLOW TROPHIC LEVELS Each step in a food chain or food web is called a _______ level. _________ make up the first level. __________ make up the second, third or higher trophic levels. Each consumer depends on the trophic level _____ it for energy. trophic producers consumers below

14 ENERGY FLOW ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS The amount of energy or matter in an ecosystem can be represented by an _________________. An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relative amounts of ________________ contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web. There are three different kinds of pyramids: _________________ ____________________ _____________________ ecological pyramid energy or matter Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers

15 ENERGY FLOW ENERGY PYRAMID There is no limit ot the number of trophic levels that a food chain can support, but only one part of the energy that is stored is passed on to the next level. This is because organisms use as much energy as they consume for life processes (Example: respiration and movement). Only about ______ of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next level. 10 %

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18 ENERGY FLOW BIOMASS PYRAMID The total amount of ___________ within a given trophic level is called _________. Biomass is usually expressed in terms of _______ of organic matter per unit area. A biomass pyramid represents the amount of _____________ available for each trophic level in an ecosystem. living tissue biomass grams potential food

19 ENERGY FLOW PYRAMID OF NUMBERS Ecological pyramids can also be based on the _________ of individual organisms at each trophic level. numbers

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21 CHAPTER 3-1 WHAT IS ECOLOGY 1.At the core of every organism’s interaction with its environment is its __________________________________ 2.This determines a system’s capacity to. ____________. 3.__________ is the main energy source for life on earth. 4. _____________ of sunlight is actually used by living things. need for energy to power life’s processes sustain life Sunlight Less than 1 %

22 Interaction and Interdependence The scientific study of interactions among organism and between organisms and their environment is ____________ 1.The _____________ contains the combined portions of the planet in which all life exists. 2.The biosphere consists of ________, _________, and ______ or the atmosphere 3.Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of _____________ between organisms and the environment in which they live. ECOLOGY BIOSPHERE dependence LANDWATER AIR

23 Biological systems pass the same molecules around again and again within the biosphere 4.During the water cycle, water molecules enters the atmosphere as _____________, a gas. Warm moist air rises. Eventually it cools and __________ into tiny __________ that form __________. When water droplets become large enough, the water returns to the earth as ______________. water vapor condensesdroplets clouds precipitation

24 On land, water _______ along the surface of the land until it reaches rivers, streams lakes, etc. Water also ______ into the soil, where it enters _______ through the ______. runs seeps plantsroots

25 5. The food you eat provides energy and chemicals to keep you alive. All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its _____________. 6._________ is a key ingredient in living tissues. It forms animal skeletons; is an important component of the atmosphere, and is taken up by plants in photosynthesis. In the atmosphere, carbon is present as _________________________. Carbon dioxide is released into the air by ___________activity, burning of _______________________ and by _______________ of organic matter. nutrients Carbon dioxide gas (CO 2 ) Carbon volcanic forests and fossil fuels decomposistion

26 Animals release carbon dioxide as a waste product of ___________________. Plants use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis to build ______________. Carbohydrates are passed along food webs to consumers. ________________ of waste and dead organisms return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In the oceans carbon is found in the from of ___________________, Which breaks down and returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. cellular respiration Decomposition carbohydrates calcium carbonate

27 5.Some type of organisms rely on __________________________________ 6. ____________ and _______________ are loaded with chemical energy. 7.Autotrophs use energy from the ____________to fuel the __________________________________________ _________________ 8.____________ make their own food and are called __________. energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds Mineral waterundersea vents environment assembly of simple inorganic compounds into complex organic compounds Autotrophs producers

28 9.Describe the process of Photosynthesis __________________________________ 10.Photosynthesis is responsible for adding _________ to and removing _____________ from Earth’s atmosphere. 11.On land, ______ are the main autotrophs. In water, _____ are the main autotrophs. ___________________________________ are important autotrophs in tidal flats and salt marshes CO 2 + H 2 O Light Energy Carbohydrates + H 2 0 oxygen carbon dioxide plants algae Photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria)

29 12.Describe the process of Chemosynthesis __________________________________ 13.Where do most Chemotophs live? __________________________________________. H 2 S + O 2 Chemical Energy Carbohydrates Volcanic vents, hot springs, tidal marshes

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31 NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY 1.The important characteristics of a population are _____________________, ________, and ___________ 2.Three factors that affect population size: ___________________ ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ geographic distribution density growth rate Number of births Number of deaths Number of individuals that enter or leave the population

32 NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY 3.The movement of a species into an area is ____________ 4.The movement of a species out of an area is ___________________ immigration emigration

33 NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY 5.If a population has ________________________, and _____________________________________, then organisms in that population will __________ and the population size will _________ 6.When populations reproduce at a constant rate, _____________ growth occurs. This occurs when there are ______________________________ and the absence of ________________________________ abundant space and food Is protected from predators and disease multiply increase exponential unlimited resources predation and disease

34 NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY 7.Look on page 121. In the space below, draw the shape of an exponential growth curve 8.The growth of a population slows down or stops as ________________________________. 9. This slowing down or stopping of a population’s growth following a period of exponential growth is called _______________. resources becomes less available logistic growth

35 NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY 10.What might cause growth a population to slow down or stop? ______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________ 11.Look on page 122. In the space below, draw the graph showing logistic growth of a yeast population. when the birth rate decreases when the death rate increases when the rate of immigration decreases when the rate of emigration increases

36 NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY 12.The largest number of individuals that a given environment can support is called the ________________. 13.Natural populations of familiar plant and animal species usually follow a __________________________________. In the natural world, there are many factors that limit population growth. carrying capacity logistic growth curve.