18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 1 of 26 Classification of Living Organisms Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 2 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Classification: To group according to like traits. Biodiversity: The many different types of organisms living in one area. System of classification is needed because: 5 million organisms have already been classified. BUT -12 to 13 million believed to exist but have not yet been discovered. Rain Forest and Deep Oceans

Slide 3 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall This furry lobster is so distinct a new family and genus had to be created. Found 2300 meters deep in the South Pacific ocean There is still a lot to classify……..

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 4 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Aristotle: Greek philosopher ( B.C.)

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 5 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Aristotle: created the 1 st system of classification. Aristotle divided all living organisms into two main groups based on physical traits: Plants (structure) Animals (habitat) Large Woody Small woody Land Air Water Soft Stemmed

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 6 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Good start but………. What about: Organisms can not change their classification within their life time.

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 7 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carl Linnaeus developed a system of classification that we still use today. His system is Binomial Nomenclature. -a two word naming system Bi = 2 Nomial = name Nomenclature = naming system

Slide 8 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall His system is based on an 8 step classification system which ended in a two word name This two word name is known as a scientific name. Example: What is the scientific name of a human? Homo sapien

Slide 9 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What does a Puma, Cougar and Mountain Lion have in common? Puma……………. Cougar…………. Mountain Lion…..

Slide 10 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall They are all the same organisms just with different common names. Common names are different names for the same organism based on where they live.

Slide 11 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Since they are all the same organisms they all have the same scientific name………… Felis concolor or Felis concolor

Slide 12 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Scientific names are universally used. - they are used by all scientist around the world as a common naming system.

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 13 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8 Division of Classification: (Broadest to most specific) Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Did King Phillip come over for grape soda?

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 14 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Three Domains: 1. Archaebacteria: “ Ancient Bacteria”, First living cells, live in extreme conditions Known as EXTREMOPHILES -live in swamps, guts of animals,salty oceans volcanic vents and hot springs. 2. Eubacteria: “True bacteria” Bacteria which affects your everyday life some even causing tooth decay,spoils our food, causes illness. Evolved from archaebacteria.

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 15 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3. Eukarya: “True Nucleus”, this domain contains all organisms whose cells contain a nucleus: Eukarya Domain is divided into four Kingdoms: Protista: Fungi: Plantae: Animalia:

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 16 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Red fox Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Sea star Coral snake Abert squirrel Linnaeus's System of Classification Eukarya Domain Each level or division is called a taxon, or taxonomic category. Broadest Most specific

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 17 of 26 Species: Most specific division of classification. Organisms of the same species can successfully reproduce viable offspring. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 18 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Species can be further divided into subspecies: Breeds: Races: Varieties:

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 19 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Scientific Names: 2 word name -based on the two most specific divisions of classification. GENUS AND SPECIES

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 20 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Rules for writing Scientific Names: 1. First word is the Genus and it is always capitalized. 2. Second word is the species and it is always lower case. 3. The entire name is underlined or italicized. Ursus arctos or Ursus arctos

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 21 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Hybrids: Organisms of the same genus but different species reproduce and produce offspring that are “usually” sterile.

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 22 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall LIGER A liger is the offspring of a lion and a tigress. It is bigger than either parent, ft in length - making it the biggest hybrid cat and, for many people, the most fascinating.

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 23 of 26 Tigon Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A tigon is the offspring of a tiger and a lioness.

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 24 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall s Beefalo is a species cross between Bison (buffalo) and domestic cattle of any breed. The purpose of the species cross was to blend the outstanding qualities of the Bison with outstanding qualities of the bovine breeds of the world.

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 25 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A zebroid is a cross between a zebra and any other equid: essentially, a zebra hybrid. They are also known as zebra mules. In general, the sire is a zebra stallion. zebroid

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 26 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Zebroid: Shetland Pony and a Zebra

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 27 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall It's ALWAYS the kids that suffer. His name is Zonkey Sleeping around……

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 28 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Prokaryotic Cells without a nucleus Eukaryotic Cells with a nucleus Unicellular Made up of only one cell Multicellular Made up of many cells Autotrophic Makes own food Photosynthesis Heterotrophic Obtains food from other sources

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 29 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall DomainArchae- bacteria Eu- bacteria Eukarya Kingdom ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Unicellular, Multicellular or both Autotrophic Heterotrophic or both Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Mobile or nonmobile Examples:

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 30 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall KingdomProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Autotroph/Heterotroph Unicellular/Multicellular Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic Nonmobile/Mobile Other (repro., habitat) Examples Additional Notes

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 31 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4. a. Organism is microscopic PARAM ECIUM. 4. b. Organism is macroscopic g o to a. Organism is a plant go to b. Organism is an animal go to a. Plant has a woody stem go to b. Plant has a herbaceous stem DANDELION. 7. a. Tree has needle like leaves PINE TREE. 7. b. Tree has broad leaves OAK TREE. 8. a. Organism lives on land go to b. Organism lives in water CLAM. 9. a. Organism has 4 legs or fewer go to b. Organism has more than 4 legs ANT. 10 a. Organism has fur go to b. Organism has feathers ROB IN. 11 a. Organism has hooves DEE R. 11 b. Organism has no hooves MOUSE 1. a. Organism is living go to b. Organism is nonliving go to a. Object is metallic go to b. Object is nonmetallic ROCK. 3. a. Object has wheels BICYCLE. 3. b. Object does not have wheels TIN CAN. 4. a. Organism is microscopic PARAMECIUM. 4. b. Organism is macroscopic go to a. Organism is a plant go to b. Organism is an animal go to a. Plant has a woody stem go to b. Plant has a herbaceous stem DANDELION. 7. a. Tree has needle like leaves PINE TREE. 7. b. Tree has broad leaves OAK TREE. 8. a. Organism lives on land go to b. Organism lives in water CLAM. 9. a. Organism has 4 legs or fewer go to b. Organism has more than 4 legs ANT. 10 a. Organism has fur go to b. Organism has feathers…………………………………………….ROBINfeathers 11a. Organism has hooves………………………………………………. DEER 11b. Organism has no hooves…………………………………………. MOUSE 11 a. Organism has hooves DEER. 11 b. Organism has no hooves MOUSE

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 32 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Aristotle’s 1 st system of classification was based on: Plants: structure Animals: habitat Linnaeus’ system was based just visible structures called: Morphology -study of form/structure

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 33 of 26 Taxonomy: The modern day system for studying and classifying living organisms. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide 34 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Modern scientist who classify, taxonomist, use the following: 1. Homologous Structures -Homo means… -the same -similar structures with different functions

Slide 35 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Penguin flipper used for swimming Alligator fore arm used for walking Bat wing used for flying Human fore arm for gathering

Slide 36 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2.Evidence from Genetics/Biochemistry -common or similar DNA codes. -common or similar proteins Analysis of the DNA sequence determined that the monkey's DNA code is about 93 percent similar to the human DNA code.

Slide 37 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3. Similarities in embryonic development.

Slide 38 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

END OF SECTION continue on for Bio II

Slide 40 of 26 New Classification Schemes Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Taxonomy: -is the study of classification -to organize all living organisms based on their morphology (structures) and phylogeny (evolutionary trend) Phylogeny: -Is the evolutionary history of a species.

Slide 41 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Two approaches to Phylogenetic Classification: 1.Creating a Phylogenic Tree -Each successive group, taxon, should be represented by finer and finer branches all stemming from a common ancestor. Creates a “tree of life”. -branches based on: *biochemical evidence *homologous structures *common embryology

Slide 42 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide 43 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide 44 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2. Creating a cladogram Uses certain features of an organism called shared derived characteristics. Shared derived characteristics are features that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration. Example: Feathers….. birds are the only animals that have feathers therefore it separates it from all other vertebrates.

Slide 45 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide 46 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide 47 of 26 CladogramCladogram Animation Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall