Chapter 6: Spanish Louisiana

Themes: Louisiana and the World Timeline (pp. 124-125) Spanish Government Begins; New Laws (pp. 126-130) Unzaga; Gálvez; Miró (pp. 131-135) The Acadians (pp. 136-137) The New Orleans Fires (pp. 138-139) Carondelet; Economics (pp. 140-141)

Themes: End of Spanish Louisiana; Louisiana Purchase (pp. 142-146) Review (p. 147)

I. Spanish Government Begins Creoles were outraged when they learned that the Spanish had control of the colony. GLEs: 64, 65, 66, 72, 73, 76, 77

A. Antonio de Ulloa Spain owned the colony, but France continued to run it. Spanish leaders appointed, Ulloa, a famous scientist and engineer as Louisiana’s first Spanish governor. Viewed as weak, distant, a poor manager, and an introvert. He was ousted from power during the Creole Revolution.

Why did the French continue to rule Louisiana after the Spanish took control? A: because Spain didn’t have much money and was preoccupied with European affairs

B. French Colonial Government Remains Rather than making a bold transition, Ulloa chose to forego a formal public ceremony celebrating the transfer of control from France to Spain. He planned to rule behind the scenes.

C. Unrest in the Colony Ulloa married a Mestizo woman, so many felt he had violated the Code Noir. New economic regulations destroyed traditional trade ties. Inflation was out of control so he set prices. Merchants did not like being told how much they could charge for goods. The Superior Council hated him and began plotting to rebel.

D. The Creole Revolution October 28, 1768—a mob of locals disabled the cannons protecting New Orleans. 400 Creoles and German Coast residents stormed the city, and the Superior Council ordered Ulloa to leave. Ulloa left, and the French flag flew once again. The colonists wrote a letter to the French king asking to be taken back by France. The king did not respond. Spain was going to strike back!

Spanish Soldier Re-enactor

E. The Spanish Return to Louisiana One year later, a Spanish fleet with 2,000 soldiers arrived in New Orleans to take back control. The fleet was commanded by General Don Alejandro O’Reilly. He raised the Spanish flag once again.

F. “Bloody” O’Reilly Although Irish, O’Reilly served Spain and returned Louisiana to Spanish control after the Creole Revolution. He executed and imprisoned the revolt’s leaders and served as Louisiana’s governor for a year. He became know as “Bloody” O’Reilly.

4. He served as Governor for one year. Don Alejandro O’Reilly

Why did Irishman Don Alejandro O’Reilly become known as “Bloody” O’Reilly? A: O’Reilly punished the men believed to be responsible for the Creole Revolution. Five were executed and 6 were put in prison.

Creole Timeline Create a timeline of events for the Creole Revolution. Represent all parties involved in the revolt. Also, include the event one year after the Revolution. Hint(O’Reilly)

Creole Rev Timeline Oct. 28, 1768– Creoles and Germans disabled cannons Oct. 29, 1768– ordered Ulloa to leave Nov. 1, 1768--- Ulloa left went to Cuba, reported incident to Spain Nov. 1, 1769--- O’Reilly arrived with Spanish fleet

II. New Laws The Spanish government was more effective than the French government had been.

A. Something Old, Something New The Spanish officials were specifically trained for their jobs so the Spanish government was more efficient than the French government. Checks and balances reduced political corruption among officials. Two lieutenant governors assisted the governor.

A. Something Old, Something New 4. The colony was divided into 12 districts with a commandent in each to enforce the law and judge minor cases. 5. The Spanish government established twelve parishes. Each had a Catholic church and a priest. 6. The colony’s economic affairs were controlled by the intendant.

B. The Cabildo The Cabildo replaced the Superior Council and passed laws for the city of New Orleans. It included members who were appointed (even Creoles), as well as some who paid for their positions. Each member had specific responsibilities. If someone was convicted of a crime, he or she could appeal the conviction to the Cabildo.

Cabildo tour http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiSCpBhsj9A&feature=related Cabildo pics http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9gjFvFjo80&feature=related

C. The Legal System Improves The French customs of Paris was replaced with the O’Reilly Code. The O’Reilly Code was the name of the new Spanish legal system. It had various levels of courts and judges who were trained for their positions

D. Changes to the Code Noir The Spanish Code Noir was similar to the French Code, but it included more rights for slaves. Freed slaves had the same rights as whites. Slaves could now testify in court. Slaves were guaranteed a 30-minute lunch break and two-hour dinner breaks.

D. Changes to the Code Noir 5. Owners could now free slaves without government permission. 6. Slaves had the right to buy their own freedom by splitting any wages they earned with their owners. 7. These changes resulted in a steady increase in the number of freed slaves. 8. Most became small merchants or craftsmen.

Name 2 improvements to the colony’s legal system under Spanish control. A: people convicted of a crime gained the right to appeal; freed slaves had the same rights as whites, including the right to testify in court; slaves were guaranteed 30 minute lunch breaks and 2 hour dinner breaks; slave owners no longer needed government permission to free their slaves; slaves could work for wages and buy their freedom.

E. French Culture Survives The Creoles tolerated the Spanish and then began to appreciate them. O’Reilly established language schools, but he did not force Creoles to adopt Spain’s language or customs. The Creoles could maintain French customs and traditions as long as they did not conflict with the Spanish.

Simultaneous Roundtable Topic: List 8 different and important changes Spanish leadership made to the way government was structured and operated in Louisiana.

Spanish Officials were officially trained for their jobs, so gov was more efficient Checks and balances reduced political corruption 2 Lt. gov assisted the governor The colony was divided into 12 districts with a commandant in each 12 parishes were established, each with a Catholic church and priest The colony’s economic affairs were controlled by the intendant The Cabildo replaced the Superior Council and passed laws, each member had a specific responsibilities The O’ Reilly Code was the name of the new Spanish legal system, had levels of courts and judges that were trained for their position

III. Luis de Unzaga Unzaga replaced O’Reilly as governor of Louisiana. Unzaga’s calm manner and marriage to a local woman made him very popular. He allowed English trading vessels, called floating warehouses, to come down the Mississippi River and trade goods—even though it was illegal. This quickly built the economy. GLEs: 64, 65, 66, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 80

Name 3 ways Luis de Unzaga helped heal negative feelings of the Creoles toward the Spanish. A: He married a local woman, established the 1st public school, and allowed English trading vessels to trade with the colony.

A. The American Revolution 13 colonies on the eastern seaboard had been arguing with Great Britain for years. Fighting erupted July 4, 1776, colonial delegates approved a document declaring their independence as a separate nation

A. The American Revolution 4. Spain did not officially support either side, but hoped the colonies would win. 5. Unzaga then offered the colonies help. 6. Unzaga provided Oliver Pollock, an American merchant with wheat to aid the colonies.

George_Washington_and_the_American_Revolution_

French_Involvement_in_the_Revolution

The_American_Revolution_Becomes_a_World_War_

IV. Bernardo de Gálvez Became governor after Unzaga. He was popular with the citizens of Louisiana and secretly helped the colonies as they fought for independence. Worked secretly with Pollock to provide aid to the colonies Shipped medicine, clothing, and weapons up the Mississippi to the rebels

A. The Willing Expedition James Willings, an American, launched a military raid on British West Florida. Attacked English plantations around Natchez and Baton Rouge They burned, looted, stole private property, and captured and English warship.

A. The Willing Expedition 4. Willing then transported goods to New Orleans to sell 5. Galvez was caught in the middle 6. Willings’ action turned West Florida residents to the side of the English due to his brutal treatment

B. Taking Sides France and Spain decided to join the colonies in their war against England . Galvez raised an army and marched for Baton Rouge. Army included Spanish soldiers, Creoles, black militiamen, and Indians Galvez captured Fort Bute, Fort Richmond, an English regiment at Mobile, and Pensacola.

B. Taking Sides 5.Treaties ending the Revolutionary war forced England to give: Independence to Americans Florida to Spain 6. Baton Rouge and the rest of West Florida continue to be separate from Louisiana 7. Spain owned the entire Gulf Coast

North America, 1783

V. Esteban Rodríguez Miró A Louisiana governor fluent in seven languages. More settlers came to Louisiana during his term than during that of any other Spanish governor.

A. The Colony Grows The population grew under Spanish control. It grew because the Spanish wanted to move in large numbers of people to protect the gold and silver mines in Mexico.

B. Land Grants Spain built colonies population by offering land grants which was a parcel of land promised to each family who would settle in Louisiana. Government also provided tools, a rooster, two hens, two pigs, and supplies for a year.

How did land grants help Spain build the colony’s population? A: A parcel of land, tools, animals, and a year’s supply of supplies were given to every family who would settle in Louisiana.

C. The Isleños- “Islanders” Spanish group from the Canary Islands Settled mostly in areas of St. Bernard, Ascension, and Plaquemines Parishes and made their livings by fishing and trapping

Canary Islands

The Islenos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKaNwzy-qtk

D. Settling Northeast Louisiana Settled by a few French hunters and their families They complained that the English and their Indian allies were raiding the area. Spanish official took action Miro sent Captain Don Juan Filhiol up the Ouachita River to organize the French families into settlements

E. The Kaintocks Tensions over the Mississippi grew Americans frequently traveled down the river to trade in New Orleans. Most came from Kentucky, the Creoles called all of them Kaintocks.

E. The Kaintocks 4. They came into the city, drank too much, got into fights, and generally caused trouble. 5. Due to the recent troubles, Miro closed the river to most American trade. 6. Sometimes they let them through and sometimes they didn’t. 7. Kaintocks were furious with this inconsistency.

What was a Kaintock, and where did the name originate? A: A Kaintock was a rough frontiersman who typically fought and drank too much. Louisiana Creoles came up with the name because most of these frontiersmen came from Kentucky.

F. The Spanish Conspiracy Miro was involved General James Wilkinson, an American and former American Revolution general, was an ambitious and untrustworthy man. He was forced to resign from the army Wilkinson moved to Kentucky Territory

F. The Spanish Conspiracy 5. He traveled to New Orleans and met secretly with Governor Miro. 6. He swore allegiance to Spain 7. Tried to get Kentucky to break away from the United States and join the Spanish territory. 8. He failed and Kentucky became a US state.

General James Wilkinson

VI. The Acadians One of the largest group of settlers French-speaking Catholic colonists who lived in the French Canadian province of Acadia, which is modern-day Nova Scotia. GLEs: 64, 65, 74, 75, 78, 81

3. England acquired Acadia during one of the colonial wars, but the Acadians did not like the English Protestants. 4. The French and Indian War erupted and the English were afraid the Acadians would help the French, so they were deported. GLEs: 64, 65, 74, 75, 78, 81

A. Le Grand Deŕangement 1755, the English government called a meeting and forced about 6,000 Acadians aboard a ship. It was traumatic and life-shattering. No one wanted the Acadians People thought they were a burden and were competitors for jobs

B. Acadians Find Refuge in Louisiana After many year in exile, Spain realized they would help populate the colony. Spain offered to pay their way to Louisiana. 1769-1785: perhaps as many as 10,000 Acadians came to the colony Settled in the prairies of southwest Louisiana and along Bayou Teche

What group of exiled people poured into Louisiana by the thousands in the mid 1700’s? A: Acadians from Acadia (Nova Scotia)

**”Evangeline” and Bayou Teche (Read more about it on page 137)

Evangeline Oak

**New Orleans Fires of 1788 and 1794 (Read more about it on page 138) When a priest knocked over a candle the curtains caught fire. Since it was Easter, bells were kept quiet so it took longer to notify the fire department. Because the firemen spoke only French and the officials giving order spoke Spanish, they were unable to communicate effectively. GLEs: 65, 73

Due to the size of the fire, it destroyed over 850 buildings, and over 1000 people lost their homes. To reduce fire hazards, Governor Carondelet ordered builders to use brick for structures over one story tall. After the second fire, architects and builders copied Spanish styles so most French Quarter architecture is more Spanish than French. GLEs: 65, 73

St. Louis Cathedral Fire of New Orleans http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7zH8yEATJg

Today, the architecture in New Orleans’ French Quarter reflects which European style? A: Spanish

North America, 1783

VII. Francisco Luis Hector, Baron de Carondelet He was born in France, served in the French military, then joined the Spanish Army. Although French, he governed Louisiana for Spain. He established laws under which slaves were treated more humanly. GLEs: 64, 65, 66, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80

A. Boundary Disputes Spain gained West Florida, but it’s northern boundary was under dispute. Spain claimed Natchez as part of the territory. United States argued

4. Western America threatened to attack New Orleans and secure take the Mississippi River. 5. American’s were angry because Spain had closed the river again. 6. Spain knew they would lose a war with the United States and have to give up Louisiana.

B. Treaty of San Lorenzo-Pinckney’s Treaty Spain avoided war USA got to use the Mississippi River for trade and had the right of deposit in New Orleans for 3 years. W. Florida boundary was changed at 31 degrees north latitude.

The_Treaty_of_San_Lorenzo__1795

C. The Pointe Coupée Slave Revolt Carondelet felt harsh treatment of slaves could lead to rebellion, so he established laws that treated slave more humanely. His policy has several effects.

C. The Pointe Coupée Slave Revolt 3. These included: Slaves challenging their owners’ authority Work slowdowns The Pointe Coupee Slave Rebellion-which resulted in the hanging of 23 slaves and 31 floggings so severe that only four survived

C. The Pointe Coupée Slave Revolt Some slave owners then began treating slaves even more harshly than before the new policy The new policy put slaves under the authority of all whites.

Who did slave owners blame for the violent Pointe Coupee slave rebellion? Why? A: Francisco Luis Hector, Baron de Carondelet; they believed his lenient slave policies made it easier for slaves to revolt.

Slave_Revolt

Spain was much more successful than France VIII. Economics Spain was much more successful than France

A. Sugar Became the largest cash crop in the colony. Etienne de Bore was a sugarcane grower with a plantation in New Orleans. His new granulation process made sugarcane a very profitable crop.

Who improved the process of granulating sugar, and what was the result? A: Etienne de Bore, a sugarcane grower and plantation owner near New Orleans; sugarcane became much more profitable.

Became an important cash crop that brought money to the colony. B. Perique Tobacco Became an important cash crop that brought money to the colony.

C. Land Grants Marquis de Maison Rouge and Baron de Bastrop were given land grants. Neither man met his quota to bring new settlers in. Most settlers who did come to the colony were Americans who brought English culture with them.

IX. The End of Spanish Louisiana During the French Revolution, working-class people rebelled against upper-class aristocrats who ruled France. During the 10-year revolt thousands were killed. The King and Queen were beheaded. GLEs: 65, 66, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78

They were called Foreign French A. Foreign French Louisiana’s French population grew because of the masses of French fleeing the country to escape the Revolution. They were called Foreign French

A. Foreign French 3. Soon Revolutionary societies sprang up in Louisiana and the Spain feared a revolt. 4. Governor Carondelet sent in more troops and arrested the rebels. 5. There was no revolt

Napoleon Bonaparte

Introducing_Napoleon_Bonaparte

B. Napoleon Bonaparte He became France’s Dictator after the French Revolution. Dreamt of rebuilding the French empire in America The only significant colony France had left in North American was Saint-Domingue/Haiti.

B. Napoleon Bonaparte 4.He wanted to turn this colony into a money making sugarcane plantation. 5.He needed a place to get food for the plantation slaves and Louisiana was the answer.

C. A Secret Treaty Fall of 1800 Napoleon forced Spain to give Louisiana back to France in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso. Spain’s military was too weak to fight Napoleon He allowed the Spanish to continue running the colony President Thomas Jefferson became concerned the Napoleon may want to attack the United States

Thomas Jefferson

D. Fighting for Control 1802 Spain revoked the right of deposit to American traders If the river was eventually closed to trade the US economy would suffer Jefferson decided to buy the Isle of Orleans He know whoever controlled the city of New Orleans controlled the entire Mississippi Valley

E. A Change of Plans Jefferson send US ambassador to France, Robert Livingston to make the purchase Napoleon would not consider selling the Isle of Orleans James Monroe then traveled to France

James Monroe

E. A Change of Plans 4. Napoleon decided he wanted to sell all of Louisiana 5. He wanted the money for a war against England and he had lost Saint-Domingue to a slave revolt (became Haiti) , so he no longer needed LA for food supplies

F. The Louisiana Purchase Napoleon planned to turn Saint-Dominque into a giant sugarcane plantation, but he would then need to feed the slaves by raising more crops in Louisiana.

F. The Louisiana Purchase 2. A war with England and a slave rebellion on the island forced him to sell Louisiana to the United States instead. 3. Jefferson knew how aggressive Napoleon was and wondered if he might attack the United States.

F. The Louisiana Purchase Robert Livingston and James Monroe traveled to France to convince Napoleon to sell the Isle of Orleans to the United States. They soon learned Napoleon wanted to sell the entire colony of Louisiana for the price of $15 million.

F. The Louisiana Purchase 6. To pay for this, Jefferson arranged to borrow most of the money from English banks. 7. Our nation doubled in size thanks to the Louisiana Purchase. At 4 cents an acre it was one of the best real estate deals ever made. 8. The area was later carved into 15 different states.

France’s desire to once again control the colony initiated what major event? How much did Jefferson pay to double the size of the United States? A: The Louisiana Purchase; 4 cents per acre.

The Louisiana Purchase

Crossing_the_Mississippi__The_Louisiana_Purchase

The_Louisiana_Purchase

G. Another New Culture Residents of the colony had lived under both French and Spanish rule before being acquired by the United States. Resident included slaves, free blacks, Acadians, and immigrants from the Canary Islands and France. Evidence of French, Spanish, and Cajun culture is still evident today.

Which 2 very different groups of people had to learn to live together after the Louisiana Purchase? A: English speaking Protestants of the U.S. and French speaking Catholics of the former Louisiana colony

H. Three Flags in Three Weeks Spain to France 3 weeks later, France to the United States

Spanish, French, and American flags

I. A New Era Mercantilism was gone All powerful monarchies were gone LA had to get accustom to American ideals, such as Free enterprise Voting Jury duty Political parties Freedom of Religion

Chapter Review