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Colonial Life

The Southern Economy Tobacco became the South’s first successful cash crop. It was the main crop of Virginia and Maryland. Rice and indigo were the main cash crops of South Carolina. These crops needed certain techniques for cultivation which led to the development of plantations

Working the Plantations In order to be profitable, farmers had to produce crop sin large quantities. Many poor, unemployed tenant farmers in England were willing to sell their labor for a chance to acquire their own land. They arrived as indentured servants. American colonists paid the cost of transportation and promised to provide food, shelter, and clothing until their labor contracts expired.

Working the Plantations By the 1690s, planters in South Carolina imported enslaved Africans to cultivate rice. Africans were valuable because of their immunity to malaria.

Plantation Society The plantation system created a society with distinct social classes. Gentry = planter elite Yeoman = majority of landowners in the South. They were “backcountry” farmers – they were subsistence farmers. Tenant farmers Slaves

The Shame By 1870 between 10 and 12 million Africans were forcibly taken from West Africa and transported across the Atlantic to America on a journey that Europeans called the Middle Passage. The first Africans to arrive in Virginia in 1619 were treated as indentured servants. Their status began to change as the number of Africans increased.

Slave Codes 1638 – Maryland became the first colony to recognize slavery – Virginia enacted a slave code – set of laws that regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people. By the early 1700s slavery became a recognized and accepted institution – especially in the Southern colonies.

New England’s Economy New England’s geography was unsuitable for large plantations and the raising of cash crops. New England was located near the Grand Banks – a region rich in diverse types of fish and many whales.

Forests New England’s dense forests contribute to making lumbering an important industry. The waterfalls provided power for the sawmills. The rivers transported the limber to the cost for shipment to other countries.

Life in New England The town was at the heart of New England society. Local issues and problems were discussed at town meetings Men at these meetings began to pass legislation for the town and to elect officials.

Meeting Houses Voting was limited to men who owned property. New England Puritans were expected to attend Sunday worship at their meetinghouse and to obey strict rules that governed most activities. Puritans felt responsible for the moral welfare of their neighbors and watching a neighbors’ behavior was considered a religious duty.

The Rise of Cities New England produced few goods that England wanted. However, England produced many goods that the colonists wanted. The Caribbean was a market for New England’s fish and lumber. New England merchants received raw sugar or bills of exchange for their goods.

Society in the Middle Colonies The Middles Colonies contained some of North America’s most fertile farmland. Wheat became the region’s most important cash crop.

The rivers in the Middle Colonies allowed farmers to transport their products to ships on the Atlantic coast. The towns that arose where rivers emptied into the ocean developed into major cities: New York, Philadelphia

Mercantilism Mercantilism is a set of ideas about the world economy and how it works. Mercantilists believed that a country’s wealth was measured by the amount of gold and silver it possessed. They believed that having a greater number of exports than imports would result in more gold and silver flowing into the country.

Colonies Mercantilists also believed that a country should establish colonies in order to be self sufficient in raw materials. The home country would then sell its manufactured goods to the colonies.

Navigation Acts In 1660 Parliament passed a navigation act that required all goods imported or exported from the colonies to be transported on English ships. The act also listed specific raw materials that the colonies could sell only to England. The list included most of the products that were profitable for the colonies.

Navigation Acts In 1663 Parliament passed another navigation act. This law required all goods imported by the colonies to come through England. Merchants who were bringing goods to the colonies had to stop in England, pay taxes, and then ship the goods on English ships. The practice generated money for England, but increased the prices of goods in the colonies.

The Colonies React The colonists were angry. They frequently broke the law. The charters of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Plymouth were revoked. The king created the Dominion of New England and appointed Sir Edmond Andros as governor. (he was harsh and the colonists hated him)

Glorious Revolution William and Mary ascended to the throne and reinstated the colonial charters.

Locke and English Bill of Rights After the Glorious Revolution, Parliament established the English Bill of Rights, which limited the power of the king and listed the rights that Parliament and English citizens were guaranteed. John Locke wrote a book titled Two Treatises on Government. Locke thought that people were born with natural rights – life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.