Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 4: Tissues, Glands, and Membranes

Histology: Study of Body Tissues Slide 3.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cells are specialized for particular functions  Tissues  Groups of cells with similar structure and function  Four primary tissue types  Epithelium  Connective tissue  Nervous tissue  Muscle

Epithelial Tissues Slide 3.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Locations:  Body coverings (covers surfaces)  Body linings (lines cavities)  Glandular tissue (endocrine and exocrine)

Epithelial Tissues Slide 3.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Functions  Protection  Absorption  Filtration  Secretion

Epithelium Characteristics Slide 3.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cells fit closely together  Tissue has one “free” surface  The deeper surface rests on a basement membrane  Avascular  Regenerate easily

Classification of Epithelium Slide 3.44a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Two methods:  [1] Number of cell layers  Simple – one layer  Stratified – more than one layer Figure 3.16a

Classification of Epithelium Slide 3.44b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  [2] Shape of cells  Squamous – flattened  Cuboidal – cube-shaped  Columnar – column-like Figure 3.16b

Simple Epithelia Slide 3.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Simple squamous  Single layer of flat cells  Usually forms membranes  Lines body cavities  Lines lungs and capillaries Figure 3.17a

Simple Epithelia Slide 3.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Simple cuboidal  Single layer of cube-like cells  Common in glands and ducts  Forms walls of kidney tubules  Covers ovaries Figure 3.17b

Simple Epithelia Slide 3.47 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Simple columnar  Single layer of tall cells  Often includes goblet cells  produce mucus  Lines digestive tract Figure 3.17c

Simple Epithelia Slide 3.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pseudostratified  Single layer, cells vary in height  Looks like a double cell layer  Sometimes ciliated  Function in absorption or secretion Figure 3.17d

Stratified Epithelia Slide 3.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Stratified squamous  Cells at the free surface are flattened  Function is protection  Locations  Skin  Mouth  Esophagus Figure 3.17e

Stratified Epithelia Slide 3.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Transitional epithelium  Shape of cells depends upon tissue stretching  Lines organs of the urinary system Figure 3.17f

Glandular Epithelium Slide 3.52 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product  Two major gland types  Endocrine glands  Ductless  Secretions are hormones (Lots more later…)

Glandular Epithelium Slide 3.52 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gland types, con’t…  Exocrine glands  Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface  Include sweat and oil glands Goblet Cell: a single celled gland

Connective Tissue Slide 3.53 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Found everywhere in the body  Most abundant and widely distributed tissues  Functions  Binds body tissues together  Supports the body  Provides protection

Connective Tissue Characteristics Slide 3.54 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Variations in blood supply  Some tissue types are well vascularized  Some have poor blood supply or are avascular  Extracellular matrix  Non-living material that surrounds living cells

Extracellular Matrix Slide 3.55 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Two main elements  Ground substance  mostly water  adhesion proteins  polysaccharide molecules

Extracellular Matrix, Extracellular Matrix, main elements Slide 3.55 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Fibers  Produced by cells in matrix  Types of Fibers  Collagenous  Elastic  Reticular

Connective Tissue Types Slide 3.56 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bone (osseous tissue)  Composed of:  Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)  Hard matrix of calcium salts  Organic component: collagen fibers  Used to protect and support the body Figure 3.18a

Connective Tissue Types Slide 3.57 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hyaline cartilage  Most common cartilage  Composed of:  Abundant collagen fibers  Rubbery matrix  Most of fetal skeleton Figure 3.18b

Connective Tissue Types Slide 3.58a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Elastic cartilage  Provides elasticity  Example: supports the external ear

Connective Tissue Types Slide 3.58b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Fibrocartilage  Highly compressible  Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae Figure 3.18c

Connective Tissue Types Slide 3.59 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Dense connective tissue  Main matrix element is collagen fibers  Cells are fibroblasts  Examples  Tendon – attach muscle to bone  Ligaments – attach bone to bone Figure 3.18d

Connective Tissue Types Slide 3.60 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Areolar (loose) connective tissue  Most common connective tissue  Soft, pliable  Contains all fiber types  Can hold excess fluid Figure 3.18e

Connective Tissue Types Slide 3.61 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Adipose tissue  Areolar tissue specialized to store fat globules  Cells contain large lipid deposits  Functions  Insulates the body  Protects organs  Site of energy storage Figure 3.18f

Connective Tissue Types Slide 3.62 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Reticular connective tissue  Delicate network of fibers  Forms stroma of lymphoid organs  Lymph nodes  Spleen  Bone marrow Figure 3.18g

Connective Tissue Types Slide 3.63 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Blood  Blood cells in a fluid matrix  Fibers are visible during clotting  Functions in transport Figure 3.18h

Muscle Tissue Slide 3.64 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Function to produce movement  Three types  Skeletal muscle  Cardiac muscle  Smooth muscle

Muscle Tissue Types Slide 3.65 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Skeletal muscle  Voluntary  Attached to connective tissue  Cells are striated  Cells have more than one nucleus Figure 3.19b

Muscle Tissue Types Slide 3.66 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cardiac muscle  Found only in the heart  Involuntary  Attached to other cardiac muscle cells  at intercalated disks  Cells are striated  One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19c

Muscle Tissue Types Slide 3.67 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Smooth muscle  Involuntary  Surrounds hollow organs  Attached to other smooth muscle cells  No visible striations  One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19a

Nervous Tissue Slide 3.68 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Neurons and support cells  Function to send impulses to other areas of the body  Irritability  Conductivity Figure 3.20

Tissue Repair Slide 3.69 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Regeneration  Replacement by the same kind of cells  Fibrosis  Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue  Type of repair determined by:  Type of tissue damaged  Severity of the injury

Regeneration of Tissues Slide 3.71 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Tissues that regenerate easily  Epithelial tissue  Fibrous connective tissue and bone  Tissues that regenerate poorly  Skeletal muscle  Cartilage  Tissues replaced largely with scar tissue  Cardiac muscle  Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord