Compare Byzantine (left) style and content with High Renaissance (right) (left) Bonaventura Berlinghieri, Saint Francis Altarpiece, 1235 and (right) Raphael, Baldassare Castiglione, ca 1514, fully achieved illusionism Renaissance painting from the 14 th -16 th centuries is a mimetic tradition (realism and naturalism). Renaissance master painters from Giotto to Raphael worked to achieve the illusion of three dimensions on a two-dimensional surface

(left) Raphael, High Italian Renaissance, Baldassare Castiglione, ca 1514, oil on canvas (right) Claude Monet, French Impressionist, Portrait of Blanche Hoschedé, oil on canvas, 1880

(left) Vincent Van Gogh, Dutch, Self Portrait, 1888, Post-Impressionism (right) Pablo Picasso, Spanish, Portrait of Vollard, 1910, Cubism

Andy Warhol, (US Pop Art), Gold Marilyn, 1962

From Medieval to Renaissance: Italy,

Map of the World 2011

Italy Around 1400

Roman Forum. Italian Renaissance humanists – artists, writers, architects – were inspired by Greco-Roman literature and art, evident in ruins of classical culture that were part of their landscape.

CIMABUE (“Bull’s Head”), Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets, ca. 1280–1290. Tempera on wood, 12’ 7” x 7’ 4”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. One of the first artists to break with the Italo-Byzantine style. A summary of Byzantine style, but the throne recedes somewhat into space. Spatial illusionism is a hallmark of Renaissance representation.

GIOTTO DI BONDONE, Madonna Enthroned, ca Tempera on wood, 10’ 8” x 6’ 8”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Called the "Father of Western Painting” why? Empirical art: “[Giotto’s] true teacher was nature.”

Compare Cimabue and Giotto. Is Giotto’s style more empirical?

Roman maternal goddess, panel from the east facade of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy, 13–9 BCE. Marble, approx. 5’ 3” high. Compare Giotto (1310) for solidity of the body – a body that has weight.

Giotto, Interior of the Arena Chapel (Cappella Scrovegni) 69 ft long, Padua, Italy, 1305– 1306/1310. Fresco panels of the life of the Virgin (top) and the life and death of Christ and resurrection (center and lower) an-art-history/a-history-of- european-art-06-giotto-and-the- arena-chapelpart- i/?channel_id=0&skip=0

GIOTTO DI BONDONE, Lamentation, Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy, ca Fresco, 6’ 6 3/4” x 6’ 3/4” What is fresco (method and medium)? Illusionism of 3 dimensions and expression

Anonymous Byzantine artist, Lamentation over the Dead Christ, wall painting, Saint Pantaleimon, Nerezi, Macedonia, Compare Byzantine Lamentation (above) with Giotto’s early Renaissance Lamentation on the right, ca 1305

Sculptor ARNOLFO DI CAMBIO and others, Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore, view from the south), Florence, Italy, begun Campanile (free-standing bell tower) by Giotto. Dome by Filippo Brunelleschi was built in the early 15 th century.

Compare Florence Cathedral (above) begun 1296 with the Cologne cathedral (left) begun 1248.

Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy, 1288–1309

Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy, 1338–1339 Allegory of Good Government, Bad Government and the Effects of Bad Government in the City, and Effects of Good Government in the City and in the Country

Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Peaceful City, detail from Effects of Good Government in the City and in the Country, Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy, 1338– Fresco.

Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Peaceful Country, detail from Effects of Good Government in the City and in the Country, Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy, 1338– Fresco. The first “real” (empirical) landscape painting since antiquity. Figure in upper left is Security with a pledge of justice for citizens of Siena. Siena was decimated by the Black Death in Approximately half the population died in the plague. The republic's economy was destroyed and the city-state quickly declined from its position of prominence in Italy.

Francesco Traini (or Buonamico Buffalmacco?), The Triumph of Death, , Fresco, 18’6” x 49’2”, Camposanto, Pisa

The Camposanto (sacred field), cemetery, Pisa, Italy

Francesco Traini (or Buonamico Buffalmacco?), The Three Living, detail from The Triumph of Death, fresco, , 18’6” x 49’2” Camposanto, Pisa

Corpses, detail from The Triumph of Death fresco, Camposanto, Pisa

Detail from The Triumph of Death, c , Camposanto, Pisa

Detail of the Camposanto Triumph of Death showing Death as an old woman swooping toward a group of privileged young people (not thinking of their souls) to cut them down

Detail from Triumph of Death, c. 1348, Santa Croce, Florence. The Catholic Church intensified preaching of guilt and penance following the Black Death.