C OMMUNITIES

All populations interacting at any particular time in a defined habitat. - Give me an example?

C OMMUNITIES All populations interacting at any particular time in a defined habitat. Some are temporary (eg. a rotting log) and some last a long time (eg. Forests) Other examples?

C OMMUNITIES All populations interacting at any particular time in a defined habitat. Some are temporary (eg. a rotting log) and some last a long time (eg. Forests) Three characteristics common to most communities: - The more different species in a community, the more stable it is = species diversity. And vice versa. Eg. Tundra – unstable b/c low species diversity, rainforest – stable.

Three characteristics common to most communities: - A few organisms are present in a large number or great biomass (weight of living matter). These dominate the community.

Three characteristics common to most communities: - A few organisms are present in a large number or great biomass (weight of living matter). These dominate the community. A great number of other organisms are relatively rare, but they can play an important role.

Three characteristics common to most communities: - A few organisms are present in a large number or great biomass (weight of living matter). These dominate the community. A great number of other organisms are relatively rare, but they can play an important role. - EG. A beetle that only eats one plant may keep it in check.

Three characteristics common to most communities: - Always more producers (usually plants) than consumers. (One exception – the sea). Phytoplankton don’t have higher numbers than animals that eat it, yet they reproduce so quickly they can keep up.

Three characteristics common to most communities: - Always more producers (usually plants) than consumers. (One exception – the sea). Phytoplankton don’t have higher numbers than animals that eat it, yet they reproduce so quickly they can keep up. - ** Communities are named from the highest biomass – eg a kauri forest.

C OMPOSITION OF A COMMUNITY All organisms can be grouped according to their feeding or trophic levels. 1. Producers –

C OMPOSITION OF A COMMUNITY All organisms can be grouped according to their feeding or trophic levels. 1. Producers – make their own food Photosynthesisers = take energy from sunlight. Together with water and C02 they make glucose.

C OMPOSITION OF A COMMUNITY All organisms can be grouped according to their feeding or trophic levels. 1. Producers – make their own food Photosynthesisers = take energy from sunlight. Together with water and C02 they make glucose. Chemosynthesisers = usually bacteria. Same thing but energy from chemical reactions.

C HEMOSYNTHESIS

2. Consumers – can’t make own food.

- Herbivores = animals that eat all parts of plants. Sap, leaves, roots, pollen etc.

2. Consumers – can’t make own food. - Herbivores = animals that eat all parts of plants. Sap, leaves, roots, pollen etc. - Carnivores = animals that eat other animals. Predators – hunt, kill, and eat.

2. Consumers – can’t make own food. - Herbivores = animals that eat all parts of plants. Sap, leaves, roots, pollen etc. - Carnivores = animals that eat other animals. Predators – hunt, kill, and eat. - Scavengers – live off dead animals killed by something else.

2. Consumers – can’t make own food. - Herbivores = animals that eat all parts of plants. Sap, leaves, roots, pollen etc. - Carnivores = animals that eat other animals. Predators – hunt, kill, and eat. - Scavengers – live off dead animals - Parasites – live in or on living host. Endo-inside, and Ecto-outside.

E NDO /E CTO

2. Consumers – can’t make own food. - Herbivores = animals that eat all parts of plants. Sap, leaves, roots, pollen etc. - Carnivores = animals that eat other animals. Predators – hunt, kill, and eat. - Scavengers – live off dead animals - Parasites – live in or on living host. Endo-inside, and Ecto-outside. - Decomposers = bacteria and fungi that break down dead bodies to release the nutrients.

I NTRA - SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS Either cooperative or aggressive.

I NTRA - SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS Either cooperative or aggressive. Cooperative – includes courtship, looking after young, hunting in packs, defending the group.

I NTRA - SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS Either cooperative or aggressive. Cooperative – includes courtship, looking after young, hunting in packs, defending the group. Aggressive – fighting for mates, territory, keeping up pecking order etc.

I NTER - SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS Mutualism – both partners benefit. (lots of examples which we have already discussed/watched  jot down some)

I NTER - SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS Mutualism – both partners benefit. Commensalism – one species benefits while the other is unaffected. EG. A fish called a remora. Hitches a ride on a shark, and when the shark attacks the remora feeds on scraps then hitches another ride. The sharks are indifferent, yet the remora gets lots of food and doesn’t use energy.

I NTER - SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS Mutualism – both partners benefit. Commensalism – one species benefits while the other is unaffected. Antibiosis – one species is harmed and the other is indifferent. EG. Blue green mould on rotting oranges/lemons is penicillum – which produces a chemical called penicillin which inhibits bacteria. Hence, antibiotics.

I NTER - SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS Mutualism – both partners benefit. Commensalism – one species benefits while the other is unaffected. Antibiosis – one species is harmed and the other is indifferent. Exploitation – One species benefits, while the other is harmed. EG. Most examples of herbivores, carnivores, and parasites etc.