Current Theoretical Approaches and Issues in Classical Conditioning Psychology 3306

Everything you know is wrong So, the number of pairings is an important, maybe all important, variable in determining the amount of conditioning, right? So, the number of pairings is an important, maybe all important, variable in determining the amount of conditioning, right? Fine, then explain Kamin Blocking to me… Fine, then explain Kamin Blocking to me…

Kamin (1968) Group Group Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 2 Test Test Result Result ControlNothing LT+ LT+ T CR CR Blocking L+ L+ LT+ LT+ T No CR No CR L = Light T = Tone + = CS (shock)

Blocking is rocking Same number of tone shock pairings in both groups Same number of tone shock pairings in both groups It is NOT just number of pairings It is NOT just number of pairings The tone predicts nothing in the blocking group (nothing extra anyway) The tone predicts nothing in the blocking group (nothing extra anyway) These results, and some others, lead to the Rescorla Wagner Model These results, and some others, lead to the Rescorla Wagner Model

You said there’d be no math! Yes, it is a math model Yes, it is a math model Trial by trial Trial by trial Assumes you can get excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning or nothing Assumes you can get excitatory conditioning, inhibitory conditioning or nothing All based on what the CS predicts All based on what the CS predicts Let’s look at the rules Let’s look at the rules

The Rules If the strength of the US is greater than expected then excitatory conditioning to the CS is the result If the strength of the US is greater than expected then excitatory conditioning to the CS is the result If the strength of the US is LESS than expected, then you will get inhibitory conditioning If the strength of the US is LESS than expected, then you will get inhibitory conditioning The larger the discrepancy between what is observed and what is expected, the greater the conditioning The larger the discrepancy between what is observed and what is expected, the greater the conditioning

More rules The more salient the CS, the more conditioning you will get The more salient the CS, the more conditioning you will get Two or more CSs together, their strength is additive Two or more CSs together, their strength is additive This is, in essence, a model of surprise! The more surprised the animal, the more it learns This is, in essence, a model of surprise! The more surprised the animal, the more it learns

The model makes some groovy predictions Slope of the acquisition curve Slope of the acquisition curve Blocking Blocking Conditioned inhibition Conditioned inhibition Overshadowing Overshadowing Overexpectation Overexpectation

Overexpectation Group Phase I Phase II TestResult Exp L+ T+ LT+ L, T Weak CR Control L+ T+ nothing L, T Strong CR

The Model: ΔV i – S i (A j -V sum ) ΔV i – S i (A j -V sum ) i = CS i = CS j = US j = US S = Salience S = Salience A = Value of the US A = Value of the US V = amount of conditioning V = amount of conditioning These quantities are, of course, hypothetical These quantities are, of course, hypothetical

An example OK, say a food pellet = 100 OK, say a food pellet = 100 Say salience of a light CS =.2 Say salience of a light CS =.2 V sum = 0 (at the start of the experiment, there is no conditioning yet V sum = 0 (at the start of the experiment, there is no conditioning yet

OK, now for the numbers Trial 1 Trial 1 ΔV i – S i (A j -V sum ) ΔV i – S i (A j -V sum ) =.2(100 – 0) =.2(100 – 0) =20 =20 Trial 2 Trial 2 ΔV i =.2(100-20) ΔV i =.2(100-20) =16 =16

Continued…. Trial 3 Trial 3 ΔV i – S i (A j -V sum ) ΔV i – S i (A j -V sum ) ΔV i =.2(100-36) ΔV i =.2(100-36) And so on…. And so on…. Less and less conditioning as time goes by Less and less conditioning as time goes by Coo eh Coo eh

Overshadowing CS1 -> Light, S =.2 CS1 -> Light, S =.2 CS2 -> Noise, S=.5 CS2 -> Noise, S=.5 2 CSs, so two calculations per trial 2 CSs, so two calculations per trial Trial 1 Trial 1 ΔV Light =.2(100-0) = 20 ΔV Light =.2(100-0) = 20 ΔV Noise =.5(100-0) = 50 ΔV Noise =.5(100-0) = 50

Overshadowing Trial Trial ΔV Light =.2(100-70) = 6 ΔV Light =.2(100-70) = 6 ΔV Noise =.5(100-70) = 15 ΔV Noise =.5(100-70) = 15 OK, how does blocking work? OK, how does blocking work? Well there is no strength left Well there is no strength left Conditioned inhibition? Conditioned inhibition? Negative for old CS Negative for old CS Additive model Additive model

Stuff it cannot deal with CS preexposure CS preexposure Change S? Change S? Mackintosh’s attentional theory does this, S becomes an attention parameter Mackintosh’s attentional theory does this, S becomes an attention parameter Pearce Hall model Pearce Hall model Gallistel’s model Gallistel’s model

Types of associations First order conditioning is S-S First order conditioning is S-S Second order is S-S and S-R Second order is S-S and S-R CS - context associations too CS - context associations too US context associations US context associations Context Blocking Context Blocking CS CS associations in compound stimulus experiments CS CS associations in compound stimulus experiments Occasion setting (Holland) Occasion setting (Holland)

Constraints on Pavlovian Conditioning Taste aversions Taste aversions Not just sickness Not just sickness Not the aftertaste Not the aftertaste Only to certain elements of the food, which depends on the species Only to certain elements of the food, which depends on the species Special? Special? Could just be a quantitative difference (Andrews and Braverman, 1975) Could just be a quantitative difference (Andrews and Braverman, 1975)

Form of the CR CR is often like the UR but not always CR is often like the UR but not always Weaker Weaker Opposite direction Opposite direction Drug tolerance Drug tolerance Compensatory CRs with opiates Compensatory CRs with opiates Context as CS Context as CS Shooting gallery effect Shooting gallery effect Could depend on drug action being in PNS or CNS (Stewart et al) Could depend on drug action being in PNS or CNS (Stewart et al)

Physiological Basis New synapses formed in Aplysia New synapses formed in Aplysia Increase in transmitter release in neurons sensitive to CS (very cool) Increase in transmitter release in neurons sensitive to CS (very cool) Just like habituation! Just like habituation! What about more complex creatures What about more complex creatures

Five points about Physiology and conditioning 1)CR and UR pathways are often different 1)CR and UR pathways are often different 2)CR production is distributed 2)CR production is distributed 3)Conditioning is distributed 3)Conditioning is distributed 4)Different CRs, different brain regions 4)Different CRs, different brain regions 5)Sometimes it is individual neurons 5)Sometimes it is individual neurons My conclusion then is that we have a very basic mechanism at work here My conclusion then is that we have a very basic mechanism at work here