Learning perspectives: Lecture #3 topics  start keeping a dream diary!  classical conditioning (Pavlov)  conditioned emotional responses  operant conditioning (Skinner)  schedules of reinforcement  superstitious behaviours  observational learning (Bandura)  the Bobo doll experiment (1965)

Learning perspectives personality:  consists of all the associations we have learned over life  emphasis on external, not internal, factors  emphasis on situational specificity

Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936)

Classical conditioning

stage 1: unconditioned stimulus (US)  unconditioned response (UR) → → → URUS

Classical conditioning stage 2: conditioned stimulus (CS) + unconditioned stimulus (US) (US) food  salivation (UR)

Classical conditioning stage 3: conditioned stimulus (CS)  conditioned response (CR) (US) food  salivation (UR) bell + food

Classical conditioning stage 4: present conditioned stimulus (CS) alone

Classical conditioning higher-order conditioning: conditioned stimulus (CS)  conditioned response (CR) unconditioned stimulus (US)  unconditioned response (UR) (US) food  salivation (UR) bell + food (CS) bell  salivation (CR)

Classical conditioning generalization gradient:

Classical conditioning 1500 Hz tonetrial 6: 1200 Hz tone + foodtrial 5: 1500 Hz tonetrial 4: 1200 Hz tone + foodtrial 3: 1500 Hz tonetrial 2: 1200 Hz tone + foodtrial 1:

Classical conditioning salivationtonetrial 6: salivationtonetrial 5: salivationtonetrial 4: salivationtone + foodtrial 3: salivationtone + foodtrial 2: salivationtone + foodtrial 1:

Classical conditioning John B. Watson (1878 – 1958) Watson & Raynor

Classical conditioning emotional conditioning:  classical conditioning where the CRs are emotional reactions  preferences reflect learned associations between neutral stimuli and good/ bad feelings  e.g., business lunches & break-upsbreak-ups

Classical conditioning (US) ex-bf  -ve feelings (UR) “Berger” + ex-bf (CS) “Berger”  -ve feelings (CR) “Berger”

Classical conditioning phobias:  unrealistic fears of something, ranging from mild to severe  e.g., girl with a pickle phobiagirl with a pickle phobia  treatment includes:

Classical conditioning systematic desensitization:  involves counterconditioning responses that are incompatible with anxiety (e.g., deep muscle relaxation)  steps:

Operant conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990) Edward Thorndike (1874 – 1949)

Operant conditioning law of effect (Thorndike):  if a behaviour is followed by a ______ state of affairs, the behaviour will be ______ likely to recur.

Operant conditioning  stimulus:  response:  consequence:

Operant conditioning reinforcers:  strengthen the tendency to perform a response  e.g., biological needs (food, water); social needs (approval, acceptance) punishers:  aversive outcomes that reduce the tendency to perform a response

reinforcement:  positive reinforcement  _____ something _____ to increase likelihood of a given behaviour  e.g., pay Johnny $5 after he cleans his room  negative reinforcement  _____ something _____ to increase likelihood of a given behaviour  e.g., stop playing loud music so your roommate is nice to you Operant conditioning

punishment:  positive punishment  _____ something _____ to decrease likelihood of a given behaviour  e.g., spank Johnny for talking back to you  negative punishment  _____ something _____ to decrease likelihood of a given behaviour  e.g., time-outs

Operant conditioning

schedules of reinforcement:  continuous schedules  every response is reinforced  partial schedules  responses are reinforced only some of the time Operant conditioning

ratio schedules:  a certain # of responses must occur before reinforcement is delivered  fixed ratio:  variable ratio:

Operant conditioning interval schedules:  reinforcement depends on how much TIME has passed since last reinforcement  fixed interval:  variable interval:

Operant conditioning discrimination:  occurs when there is differential responding to different stimuli  discriminative stimulus:  accounts for situational specificity of behaviour

Operant conditioning

superstitious behaviour:  develops because of an accidental relationship between a response and reinforcement  e.g., wearing a red shirt to your exams for “luck”

Observational learning Albert Bandura (1925 – )

Observational learning observational learning:  occurs when 1 person performs an act, and another person observes and acquires the ability to repeat the act

Observational learning variables influencing observational learning:  attention for encoding

Observational learning  retention  production

Observational learning  performance

acquisition vs. performance:  Bandura’s Bobo doll study (1965)  measured acquisition & spontaneous performance Observational learning

Bandura (1965):