Learning perspectives: Lecture #3 topics  start keeping a dream diary!  classical conditioning (Pavlov)  conditioned emotional responses  operant conditioning.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Introduction to Psychology
Advertisements

A.P. Psychology Modules 20-22
Learning Theories Goal  How do we learn behaviors through classical conditioning?
Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response. How.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter.
Step Up To: Discovering Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007) From: Hockenbury.
Lecture Overview Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Cognitive-Social Learning The Biology of Learning Using Conditioning & Learning Principles.
Learning How do we learn through our environment? Classical Conditioning – Neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce a response Operant Conditioning.
Module 9 Classical Conditioning. 3 Kinds of Learning l Classical Conditioning n Kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce.
Unit 6 Learning How do we Learn?.
general psychology Firouz meroei milan Conditioning and Learning Classical Conditioning 1.
I. What is learning? chapter 9. Definitions Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience [p300] Classical conditioning— learning.
Conditioning. Ivan Pavlov Russian scientist – he wanted to learn about the relationship between digestion and the nervous system Accidentally discovered.
Conditioning and Learning Theory. What is Learning ? Definition: a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that occurs as a result of an.
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 9: Learning
LEARNING.
Learning Orange Group. Classical conditioning- a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. ex: Dog salivate to food Bell rings-No.
Chapter 7: Learning 1 What is learning? A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience First test - purpose? To assess learning First test.
Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
Chapter 6: Learning. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) –Conditioned Stimulus (CS) –Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Chapter 6 Learning. Table of Contents Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov Terminology –Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) –Conditioned Stimulus (CS) –Unconditioned.
Chapter 6 Learning. Table of Contents Learning Learning defined on page –Classical conditioning –Operant/Instrumental conditioning –Observational learning.
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.
Chapter 6: Learning 1Ch. 6. – Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience 1. Classical Conditioning : Pairing 2. Operant Conditioning :
Learning Theories Learning To gain knowledge, understanding, or skill, by study, instruction, or experience.
HOW DO WE LEARN? Conditioning –process of learning associations  Classical conditioning- we learn to associate two stimuli and anticipate events. In classical.
Learning Chapter Eight. Definitions Learning-the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior.
READ!. Unit 4: Learning and Cognition Chapter 6: Learning.
Review Unit 7. Observational Learning Learning by watching others.
1 The Learning Perspective: How the Environment Influences Behavior.
Learning. This is happening when you respond to a second stimulus that is similar to a conditioned stimulus without additional training Generalization.
Learning Review Flashcards for Terms on the Test.
Chapter 6 Learning.
Chapter 5 Learning. Learning Processes Classical conditioning Behaviorism Operant conditioning.
Dr. M. Davis-Brantley.  Learning is the process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of an individual’s past.
College Board - “Acorn Book” Course Description 7-9% Unit VI. Learning 1 VI. Learning.
Table of Contents CHAPTER 6 Learning. Table of ContentsLEARNING  Learning  Classical conditioning  Operant/Instrumental conditioning  Observational.
4 th Edition Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall5-1 Learning Chapter 5.
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc Chapter 5 Learning.
LEARNING  a relatively permanent change in behavior as the result of an experience.  essential process enabling animals and humans to adapt to their.
Principles of Learning. “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, allow me to control the environment, and I can make them into anything I want.”
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.
LEARNING Behaviorism chapter 7 A change in behavior due to experience.
9/30/04Learning Learning/Behaviorism It’s all about conditioning Two Types: –Classical Conditioning –Operant Conditioning.
Learning  relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience  Helps us …
Chapter 6: Learning.
Unit 6: Learning. How Do We Learn? Learning = a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. 3 Types:  Classical  Operant.
Learning Definition: The process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviors Associative learning is the key Conditioning – the process of.
Module 9 Classical Conditioning. THREE KINDS OF LEARNING Learning –A relatively enduring or permanent change in behavior that results from previous experience.
Learning 7-9% of the AP Psychology exam. Thursday, December 3 Sit with your group from yesterday’s test review!
Table of Contents Chapter 6 Learning. Table of Contents Learning –Classical conditioning –Operant/Instrumental conditioning –Observational learning Ivan.
Psychology 40S C. McMurray
Psychology in Action (8e) PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 6: Learning 1.
Unit 6: Learning. How Do We Learn? Learning = a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
Principles of Learning
Chapter 6 Notes AP Tips. Know about classical conditioning and Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning: the repeated pairing of an unconditioned stimulus.
Learning. Learning - “A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience”
LEARNING * A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience.
The Basics of Learning Learning defined: A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Associative learning Habits Habituation Conditioning.
Chapter 6 LEARNING. Learning Learning – A process through which experience produces lasting change in behavior or mental processes. Behavioral Learning.
Conditioning and Learning Unit 6 Conditioning and Learning Modules
LEARNING: PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING.
Learning.
Learning.
Chapter 6: Learning Ch. 6.
Chapter 6 Learning.
Chapter 6.
Chapter 6: Learning.
Learning and Conditioning
Chapter 6 Learning.
Presentation transcript:

Learning perspectives: Lecture #3 topics  start keeping a dream diary!  classical conditioning (Pavlov)  conditioned emotional responses  operant conditioning (Skinner)  schedules of reinforcement  superstitious behaviours  observational learning (Bandura)  the Bobo doll experiment (1965)

Learning perspectives personality:  consists of all the associations we have learned over life  emphasis on external, not internal, factors  emphasis on situational specificity

Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936)

Classical conditioning

stage 1: unconditioned stimulus (US)  unconditioned response (UR) → → → URUS

Classical conditioning stage 2: conditioned stimulus (CS) + unconditioned stimulus (US) (US) food  salivation (UR)

Classical conditioning stage 3: conditioned stimulus (CS)  conditioned response (CR) (US) food  salivation (UR) bell + food

Classical conditioning stage 4: present conditioned stimulus (CS) alone

Classical conditioning higher-order conditioning: conditioned stimulus (CS)  conditioned response (CR) unconditioned stimulus (US)  unconditioned response (UR) (US) food  salivation (UR) bell + food (CS) bell  salivation (CR)

Classical conditioning generalization gradient:

Classical conditioning 1500 Hz tonetrial 6: 1200 Hz tone + foodtrial 5: 1500 Hz tonetrial 4: 1200 Hz tone + foodtrial 3: 1500 Hz tonetrial 2: 1200 Hz tone + foodtrial 1:

Classical conditioning salivationtonetrial 6: salivationtonetrial 5: salivationtonetrial 4: salivationtone + foodtrial 3: salivationtone + foodtrial 2: salivationtone + foodtrial 1:

Classical conditioning John B. Watson (1878 – 1958) Watson & Raynor

Classical conditioning emotional conditioning:  classical conditioning where the CRs are emotional reactions  preferences reflect learned associations between neutral stimuli and good/ bad feelings  e.g., business lunches & break-upsbreak-ups

Classical conditioning (US) ex-bf  -ve feelings (UR) “Berger” + ex-bf (CS) “Berger”  -ve feelings (CR) “Berger”

Classical conditioning phobias:  unrealistic fears of something, ranging from mild to severe  e.g., girl with a pickle phobiagirl with a pickle phobia  treatment includes:

Classical conditioning systematic desensitization:  involves counterconditioning responses that are incompatible with anxiety (e.g., deep muscle relaxation)  steps:

Operant conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990) Edward Thorndike (1874 – 1949)

Operant conditioning law of effect (Thorndike):  if a behaviour is followed by a ______ state of affairs, the behaviour will be ______ likely to recur.

Operant conditioning  stimulus:  response:  consequence:

Operant conditioning reinforcers:  strengthen the tendency to perform a response  e.g., biological needs (food, water); social needs (approval, acceptance) punishers:  aversive outcomes that reduce the tendency to perform a response

reinforcement:  positive reinforcement  _____ something _____ to increase likelihood of a given behaviour  e.g., pay Johnny $5 after he cleans his room  negative reinforcement  _____ something _____ to increase likelihood of a given behaviour  e.g., stop playing loud music so your roommate is nice to you Operant conditioning

punishment:  positive punishment  _____ something _____ to decrease likelihood of a given behaviour  e.g., spank Johnny for talking back to you  negative punishment  _____ something _____ to decrease likelihood of a given behaviour  e.g., time-outs

Operant conditioning

schedules of reinforcement:  continuous schedules  every response is reinforced  partial schedules  responses are reinforced only some of the time Operant conditioning

ratio schedules:  a certain # of responses must occur before reinforcement is delivered  fixed ratio:  variable ratio:

Operant conditioning interval schedules:  reinforcement depends on how much TIME has passed since last reinforcement  fixed interval:  variable interval:

Operant conditioning discrimination:  occurs when there is differential responding to different stimuli  discriminative stimulus:  accounts for situational specificity of behaviour

Operant conditioning

superstitious behaviour:  develops because of an accidental relationship between a response and reinforcement  e.g., wearing a red shirt to your exams for “luck”

Observational learning Albert Bandura (1925 – )

Observational learning observational learning:  occurs when 1 person performs an act, and another person observes and acquires the ability to repeat the act

Observational learning variables influencing observational learning:  attention for encoding

Observational learning  retention  production

Observational learning  performance

acquisition vs. performance:  Bandura’s Bobo doll study (1965)  measured acquisition & spontaneous performance Observational learning

Bandura (1965):