Meeting 1 Team: India Plant: Gas Cleanup and Water Recycle Plant Members: Lynette Hernandez, Hsin Ting Hsieh, Alexander J. Palmas, and Jose L. Ortiz Mentor: Patrick H. Shannon

Chemical precipitation system Block Flow Diagram Frac Water Activate hydro carbon organics Dirty Frac Water (Assume 1 million std ft3 per day) Salt Removal Chemical precipitation system sludge Sand filter Biological Oxidation Clean Frac Water DGF Separator hydrocarbons

What’s in the Frac Water? 3

Frac Water Cleaning 4 From the BFD: Solid removal and desalting Need to get rid of sulfates, phosphates, carbonates, etc. pH adjustment Remove organics a. by using an oxidant ( for example ClO2) 4

Frac Water Cleaning DGF seperator 5 Will remove hydrocarbons from the frac water Hydrocarbons will be caused to float to the surface of the frac water. - Can then easily by skimmed off. 5

Frac Water cleaning Activated hydrocarbon - will remove hydrocarbons and organics Chemical Precipitation - will help get rid of the rest of the sludge Sand Filter - Will help remove remaining TSS ( Total suspended solids) from the frac water.

Competing Processes: Frac Water Green completions Oil can be removed from water and added to pipe line to be processes More environmentally friendly (no flare)

Green Completion Currently used in Barnett Shale Reduce VOC emissions Burn off gas that would otherwise escape into the air Will need to capture gas and make it available for use of sale by Jan 1, 2015 (according to EPA’s new guidelines) Will not generate NOx Rental cost = $1,000/day Save average of 11,000 MCF of natural gas per well from being vented into the atmosphere

BFD for Green Completion

Competing Processes: Frac Water LPG Instead of using water, can use gelled liquefied petroleum gas. Advantages Nearly all of it is recovered after fracturing No salts are brought up Less liquid is needed to fracture the well.

Bloc flow diagram Gas purification Pump Membrane filter Which ever gas: -N2 -CO -H2 -CO2 -O2 Purified Gas

Competing Processes: Effluent Vapors Gas coming in (Assumption that no pressure available from gases coming in) Compressor needed to pressurize gases for clean-up Need to know how much gas in order to pick proper purification method 3 Ways of Cleaning up Effluent Gases Membrane Separation PSA Cryogenic Gas Plant

Membrane Separation Membrane Separation Can be as pure as PSA Membrane separators may be bought from IGS (Innovative Gas Systems – ISO 9001 Certified) Non-air/Gas Separation Systems H2, CO2, CO Gas Compressors

Pressure Swing Adsorption PSA Pressurize gases Some gases will be adsorbed The higher the pressure, the more the adsorption Reduce pressure and gas is desorbed (released)

Cryogenic Gas Plant Cryogenic Gas Plant First chill the gases, then distill Expensive Product has highest purity

Competing Processes Specific plan for CO2 Pipeline available in area to send CO2 to wells This will acidize formation and free up more oil EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) Purify CO2 for food applications Convert to dry ice for food merchant product

CO2 EOR – How It Works

Oil Recovery With CO2 X-ray images of 5-centimeter-diameter core samples taken from the Lost Hills oil field (located in central California) show the effectiveness of carbon dioxideto sweep oil.

Additional Input Needed Water purity and amount for CHP Plant Compositions of all Effluents

QUESTIONS???