What is a Drainage Basin? Drainage basin Drainage basin  A drainage system which consists of a surface stream or a body of surface water together with.

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Presentation transcript:

What is a Drainage Basin? Drainage basin Drainage basin  A drainage system which consists of a surface stream or a body of surface water together with all tributary surface streams and bodies of water. Watershed Watershed  The area whose runoff flows to a particular stream Drainage Divides Drainage Divides  a watershed/drainage basin boundary of higher elevation where water on the other side of the boundary flows to a different drainage basin. Watershed area is the land enclosed by its drainage divide

Drainage basin, drainage divide, watershed, head waters, mouth (see Fig. 6.2 on p. 127)

( covers more than 1,245,000 square miles, includes all or parts of 31 states )

What causes streams to vary in size? Drainage Area Drainage Area  Mississippi River  1,245,000 square miles  Lumber River  708 square miles Climate Climate  Precipitation/Evaporation Rates Geology/Vegetation Geology/Vegetation

Stream Flow

What factors are important to determine the flow of water in a river? Cross-sectional area of channel Cross-sectional area of channel Velocity of water Velocity of water

Discharge Q = A * V Q = A * V  Q = discharge in feet 3 /sec  A = Cross-sectional Area in feet 2  (Channel Width x Water Depth)  V = Velocity of water in feet/sec

The cross-sectional area (A) 10m wide by 2.5 m deep = 25 m 2 And the velocity of flow (V = 5m/sec) are used to calculate discharge (Q) 25m 2 x 5 m/sec = 125 m 3 /sec

A Gage House-the most common source of river stage data.

FIG. A. Current meter being used to measure discharge. FIG. B. Current Meter. FIG. C. Stage/Discharge Rating Curve

Comparison of Discharges Mississippi River near St. Francisville, LA Mississippi River near St. Francisville, LA  Area Drained: 1,125,300 mi 2  Mean Discharge:543,400 ft 3 /sec Lumber River near Lumberton Lumber River near Lumberton  Area Drained708 mi 2  Mean Discharge:692 ft 3 /sec

Capacity: How much can a stream carry? Capacity is related to: Capacity is related to:  Velocity:  Discharge which is related to the drainage areawhich is related to the drainage area  Slope GradientGradient

How Do You Measure Gradient? Gradient = Change in Elevation / Distance: Elevation 1 (Upstream) – Elevation 2 (Downstream) Distance between points 1 and 2

Profile of a typical stream showing the change in gradient downstream (see Fig. 6.5 on p.129) Modified from Base level HeadwatersHigh gradient Low Gradient

Stream channel near the headwaters.

Stream channel near the middle of a typical stream profile.

Stream channel near the base level of a stream