The Roman Republic & Empire Ch.1.2

Roman Beginnings Romans (like the Greeks) Indo-European people w/ ancestry from the Latin’s Romans (like the Greeks) Indo-European people w/ ancestry from the Latin’s Latin’s settled along the Tiber River. Latin’s settled along the Tiber River. Romans shared the Italian Penn. Romans shared the Italian Penn. adopted many of their ideas adopted many of their ideas Etruscans (to the North) were the greatest influence Etruscans (to the North) were the greatest influence Etruscans ruled most of central Italy Etruscans ruled most of central Italy Also influenced by the Greeks Also influenced by the Greeks Rome adapted alphabet, engineering, & religion. Rome adapted alphabet, engineering, & religion.

Early Republic 509 B.C. Etruscans are driven out of Rome 509 B.C. Etruscans are driven out of Rome Rome est. a new govt. where officials are chosen by the people, (Republic) Rome est. a new govt. where officials are chosen by the people, (Republic) Romans thought this would keep from one individual from gaining too much power. Romans thought this would keep from one individual from gaining too much power. Govt. takes shape: the most powerful governing body was the Senate Govt. takes shape: the most powerful governing body was the Senate 300 members served for life and, issued decree and interpreted laws 300 members served for life and, issued decree and interpreted laws Senate was made up of Patricians (landholding upper class) Senate was made up of Patricians (landholding upper class)

Early Republic cont. Every year the senate elected two consuls Every year the senate elected two consuls Consuls supervised the business of govt., commanded the army, & only served one term. Consuls supervised the business of govt., commanded the army, & only served one term. In the event of war a dictator was granted emergency powers by the Senate to rule for six months. In the event of war a dictator was granted emergency powers by the Senate to rule for six months. Common People Demand Equality Common People Demand Equality Plebeians (farmers, merchants, artisans) have little power. Plebeians (farmers, merchants, artisans) have little power. Majority of Roman population Majority of Roman population Had little influence on govt. Had little influence on govt.

Early Republic cont. Plebeians protested Plebeians protested citizens could not know the laws if they were not written down citizens could not know the laws if they were not written down 450 B.C. Rome inscribes its laws on twelve tablets. 450 B.C. Rome inscribes its laws on twelve tablets. Plebeians could appeal judgments handed down by the govt. Plebeians could appeal judgments handed down by the govt. Plebeians gained the right to elect their own officials, Tribunes. Plebeians gained the right to elect their own officials, Tribunes. Tribunes could veto (block) laws Tribunes could veto (block) laws Impact: 2,000 years later the U.S. Constitution adopted Roman ideas of senate, veto, and checks on power. Impact: 2,000 years later the U.S. Constitution adopted Roman ideas of senate, veto, and checks on power.

Punic Wars Rome vs. Carthage Rome vs. Carthage Two cities battle for control of Sicily and the Western Mediterranean. Two cities battle for control of Sicily and the Western Mediterranean. Both able to fight a war. Both able to fight a war. Carthage-wealthy Carthage-wealthy Ships & mercenaries for soldiers Ships & mercenaries for soldiers Rome’s troops - more reliable than mercenary soldiers, limited navy. Rome’s troops - more reliable than mercenary soldiers, limited navy.

Punic Wars cont. First Punic War First Punic War Lasted 23 years Lasted 23 years 241 B.C. last of Carthage’s naval fleet is defeated 241 B.C. last of Carthage’s naval fleet is defeated Rome takes control of Sicily, Corsica, & Sardinia Rome takes control of Sicily, Corsica, & Sardinia main prize for victory. main prize for victory.

Punic Wars cont. Hannibal’s Revenge on Rome (2nd Punic War) Hannibal’s Revenge on Rome (2nd Punic War) 218 B.C. set out to invade Rome as revenge for the first Punic War. 218 B.C. set out to invade Rome as revenge for the first Punic War. 50,000 infantry, 9,000 Calvary, 60 elephants were assembled to try and capture Rome. 50,000 infantry, 9,000 Calvary, 60 elephants were assembled to try and capture Rome. Troops marched from Spain to France across Alps to attack Rome from the North. Troops marched from Spain to France across Alps to attack Rome from the North. Mountains kill more than ½ of men and Elephants. Mountains kill more than ½ of men and Elephants.

Punic Wars cont. Rome attempts to fight back Rome attempts to fight back Hannibal’s forces destroy the first two armies sent by Rome to stop him. Hannibal’s forces destroy the first two armies sent by Rome to stop him. In 216 B.C. Battle of Cannae, Rome lost between 40,000 – 70,000 soldiers. In 216 B.C. Battle of Cannae, Rome lost between 40,000 – 70,000 soldiers. Hannibal wanders Italian Peninsula for 15 yrs. Hannibal wanders Italian Peninsula for 15 yrs. waiting for another challenge from Rome & reinforcements from Carthage. waiting for another challenge from Rome & reinforcements from Carthage.

Punic Wars cont. Roman General Scipio makes a bold move and attacks Carthage. Roman General Scipio makes a bold move and attacks Carthage. Hannibal was forced to race back to Carthage. Hannibal was forced to race back to Carthage. Battle of Zama Battle of Zama General Scipio is the first to beat Carthage on their own soil. General Scipio is the first to beat Carthage on their own soil. Hannibal survives and rules Carthage for 7yrs. before committing suicide to avoid capture by Rome. Hannibal survives and rules Carthage for 7yrs. before committing suicide to avoid capture by Rome. Scipio is named “Africanus” conqueror of Rome. Scipio is named “Africanus” conqueror of Rome.

Punic Wars cont. Rome Destroys Carthage (Third Punic War) Rome Destroys Carthage (Third Punic War) Carthage was no longer a threat to Rome. Carthage was no longer a threat to Rome. Rome is still bitter over previous conflicts with Carthage. Rome is still bitter over previous conflicts with Carthage. Roman Senator Cayto ended his speeches “Carthage must be destroyed” Roman Senator Cayto ended his speeches “Carthage must be destroyed” 149 B.C. Rome forced war on Carthage. 149 B.C. Rome forced war on Carthage. After three years of fighting, Rome burns Carthage to the ground. After three years of fighting, Rome burns Carthage to the ground.

Republic to Empire Caesar’s Rise to Power Caesar’s Rise to Power Political leaders and the senate fought civil wars in Rome Political leaders and the senate fought civil wars in Rome Empire relied on paid soldiers who were loyal to their commanders not Rome. Empire relied on paid soldiers who were loyal to their commanders not Rome. Julius Caesar became dictator Julius Caesar became dictator B.C.Pushed through a number of reforms B.C.Pushed through a number of reforms. Public works, land to the poor, employed the jobless Public works, land to the poor, employed the jobless killed in 44 B.C., which brought on more civil wars killed in 44 B.C., which brought on more civil wars

Republic to Empire Octavian Octavian became emperor in 31 B.C. became emperor in 31 B.C. created a civil service to enforce laws and imposed a fairer tax system. created a civil service to enforce laws and imposed a fairer tax system. ushered in the Pax Romana ushered in the Pax Romana 200-year period of peace, stability and the height of the Roman Empire 200-year period of peace, stability and the height of the Roman Empire